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BOC > Chapter 29 - Additional General Medical Conditions > Flashcards

Chapter 29 - Additional General Medical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

antigen

A

invading agent

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2
Q

active immunity

A

result of natural infection or invasion of antigents

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3
Q

passive immunity

A

inoculation

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4
Q

cell-mediated response

A

lymphocytes (T cells) are produced by the thymus in response to antigen exposure

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5
Q

humoral immune response

A

plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) are produced with subsequent formation of antibodies

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6
Q

non-specific immune response/inflammation

A

reaction of the tissues to injury from trauma, chemicals, or ischemia

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7
Q

auto-immune response

A

directed against an individual’s own tissues (diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis)

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8
Q

Viral Infections

A

rhinovirus, influenza, mono, rubella, rubeola, mumps, varicella

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9
Q

rhinovirus

A

common cold

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10
Q

rhinovirus etiology

A

transmitted by direct or indirect contact; spread by droplets expelled by sneezing, coughing, or speaking

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11
Q

rhinovirus s/sx

A

starts with a scratchy or sore throat, watery discharge/stopped-up nose, and sneezing

secondary infection is possible

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12
Q

rhinovirus management

A

symptomatic treatment (most last 5-10 days regardless of type of treatment)

avoidance

pleconaril - shortens duration of cold

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13
Q

influenza etiology

A

caused by myxoviruses (types *A, B, C, D); virus enters cell through genetic material, multiplies and is spread throughout the body (athletes in winter sports, basketball, wrestling, and swimming should get vaccinated)

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14
Q

Influenza s/sx

A

fever, cough, headache, malaise, and inflamed respiratory mucous membranes with coryza (profuse nasal discharge)

incubation period of 48 hours, chills, fever (102-103), aches, photophobia, acute phase lasts 5 days

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15
Q

influenza management

A

bed rest and supportive care (avoid aspirin for under 18 years - Reyes syndrome)

steam, cough meds, salt water gargles

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16
Q

amantadine & Relenza

A

may be used for influenza A for individuals at risk

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17
Q

infectious mononucleosis etiology

A

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); incubation is 4-6 weeks; EBV is carried in the throat and transmitted to another person through saliva (bad for athletes - severe fatigue and possible splenic rupture)

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18
Q

Mono s/sx

A

3-5 day prodrome of headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, and myalgia
day 5-15: fever, swollen glands, sore throat
second week: enlarged spleen, jaundice (10-15%), skin rash (5-15%), flushed cheeks, puffy eyelids

blood test: elevated WBC count

complications: ruptured spleen, meningitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, anemia

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19
Q

mono management

A

acetaminophen for headache, fever, malaise

can return to life 3 weeks after onset if spleen is not enlarged, no fever, liver is working normal, and pharyngitis has resolved

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20
Q

Rubella

A

German measles

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21
Q

Rubella etiology

A

highly contagious childhood viral disease; infection 13-24 days following exposure

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22
Q

Rubella s/sx

A

slight fever, sore throat, drowsiness, swollen lymph glands, appearance of red spots on the palate (occur 1-5 days prior to appearance of rash that occurs 50% of the time - rash begins on face/forehead and spreads down trunk and extremities, lasting for about 3 days)

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23
Q

Rubeola

A

measles

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24
Q

Rubeola etiology

A

highly contagious childhood viral disease (after having disease, individual has acquired immunity)

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25
Q

Rubeola s/sx

A

onset causes sneezing, nasal congestion, coughing, malaise, photophobia, spots in the mouth, conjunctivitis, fever that may elevate to 104 at about 4 days

onset of high fever, rash appears, lasts about 5 days, may cause itching

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26
Q

Rubeola management

A

every child should receive the MMR vaccine; bed rest, isolation in dark room, and antipyretic and anti-itching medication to provide relief while disease runs its course

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27
Q

Mumps (Parotitis) etiology

A

contagious viral disease that results in inflammation of the parotid and other salivary glands

appears 12-25 days following exposure

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28
Q

Mumps (Parotitis) s/sx

A

malaise, headache, chills, and a moderate fever. Pain in the neck below and in front of the ear
that progresses to marked swelling on one or both sides (may last for as long as 7 days); painful to move jaw and
swallowing may be difficult. Saliva production may be increased or decreased.

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29
Q

mumps (Parotitis) management

A

immunization with MMR. Patient should be isolated while contagious, confined to bed rest and
given a soft diet; analgesics may be used with cold applications to control swelling (later heat can be used)

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30
Q

Varicella (Chicken Pox)

A

chicken pox

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31
Q

varicella etiology

A

highly contagious viral disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. Also causes herpes zoster. Most likely to occur in children under 15 years of age; average incubation is 13-17 days following exposure. Individual is contagious for approximately 11 days (beginning 5 days before the first signs of rash appear)

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32
Q

varicella s/sx

A

begins with slight elevation of temperature for 24 hours, followed by eruption of rash

rash appears crop of red spots, begins on back/chest, disease lasts 2-3 weeks

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33
Q

varicella management

A

administration of varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIg) within 96 hours of exposure will prevent clinical symptoms in normal healthy children. Acyclovir should be administered to adolescents and adults within 24-hours following appearance of symptoms.

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34
Q

Sinusitis etiology

A

can stem from a URI caused by a variety of bacteria, nasal mucous membrane walls and block the osmium of the paranasal sinus

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35
Q

sinusitis s/sx

A

sinus area may swollen and painful to touch; headache, malaise, purulent nasal discharge

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36
Q

sinusitis management

A

antibiotics, steam inhalation & other nasal topical sprays can produce vasoconstriction & drainage

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37
Q

pharyngitis

A

sore throat

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38
Q

pharyngitis etiology

A

acute inflammation of the pharyngitis (may be related to common cold, influenza, or mono)

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39
Q

Pharyngitis s/sx

A

pain on swallowing, fever, inflamed and swollen lymph glands, swollen tonsils, weakness, and anorexia

mucous membranes of throat may be inflamed with a covering of purulent matter

throat culture to rule out strep throat is necessary

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40
Q

pharyngitis management

A

topical gargles and rest, antibiotic therapy,

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41
Q

tonsillitis etiology

A

Tonsils are pieces of lymphatic tissue covered by epithelium; within each tonsil are deep clefts/pits
lined by lymphatic nodules (pathogens collect in pits and penetrate epithelium, where they contact lymphocytes and cause an acute inflammation and bacterial infection)

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42
Q

tonsillitis s/sx

A

tonsils appear inflamed, red, and swollen with a yellowish exudate in the pits; difficulty swallowing and possibly high fever with chills. Headache, pain in neck and back may also be present

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43
Q

tonsillitis management

A

throat culture, gargling with warm saline water, liquid diet, antipyretic medication

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44
Q

seasonal atopic (allergic) rhinitis

A

hay fever

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45
Q

seasonal atopic (allergic) rhinitis etiology

A

an acute seasonal allergic condition that results from airborne pollens

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46
Q

seasonal atopic (allergic) rhinitis s/sx

A

early stages: itchy eyes, throat, mouth and nose; followed by watery eyes, sneezing, and clear, watery nasal discharge. Sinus-type headache, emotional irritability, difficulty sleeping, red and swollen eyes and nasal mucous membranes, and a wheezing cough

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47
Q

seasonal atopic (allergic) rhinitis management

A

oral antihistamines (be aware of sedating side effect); decongestants (stimulating effect)

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48
Q

acute bronchitis etiology

A

usually occurs as an infectious winter disease that follows a common cold or other viral infection of the
respiratory tract. A secondary bacterial infection may follow this inflammation (from overexposure to air
pollution); fatigue, malnutrition, or becoming chilled could be predisposing factors

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49
Q

acute bronchitis s/sx

A

usually start with URI, nasal inflammation and profuse discharge, slight fever, sore throat and
back and muscle pains. A cough signals the beginning of bronchitis. At first the cough is dry, but within a few hours or days, a clear mucus secretion begins which becomes yellowish, indicating an infection.

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50
Q

acute bronchitis management

A

rest until fever subsides, drink 3-4 liters of water per day, and ingest an antipyretic analgesic, cough suppressant, and an antibiotic (when sever lung infection is present) on a daily basis

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51
Q

pneumonia etiology

A

infection of the alveoli and bronchioles that may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal
microorganisms; may also be caused by irritation from chemicals, aspiration of vomit, or other agents. Alveolar
spaces become filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin

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52
Q

pneumonia s/sx

A

bacterial pneumonia = rapid onset, high fever with chills, pain on inspiration, decreased breath
sounds and rhonchi on auscultation, coughing up of purulent, yellowish colored sputum

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53
Q

pneumonia management

A

antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia). Deep breathing exercises and removal of sputum through a
productive cough are helpful. Analgesics and antipyretics may be useful for controlling pain and fever.

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54
Q

bronchial asthma etiology

A

can be produced from a viral respiratory tract infection, emotional upset, changes in barometric pressure or temp, exercise, inhalation of a noxious odor, exposure to a specific allergen

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55
Q

bronchial asthma s/sx

A

spasm of the bronchial smooth muscles, edema, and inflammation of the mucous membrane

narrowing of airway and copious amounts of mucus produced

difficulty breathing could result in hyperventilation, resulting in dizziness

attack may begin with coughing, wheezing, SOB, fatigue

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56
Q

bronchial asthma management

A

reassure the athlete, give athlete medication, encourage athlete to drink water, have athlete perform controlled breathing, and relaxation exercises, remove environmental factor that may be causing attack

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57
Q

Exercise-Induced Bronchial Obstruction (Asthma) etiology

A

can be stimulated by exercise, or may be provoked only on rare occasions during moderate exercise. The exact cause in not clear. Loss of heat and water causes the greatest loss of airway reactivity. Sinusitis can also trigger an attack in an individual with chronic asthma

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58
Q

Exercise-Induced Bronchial Obstruction (Asthma) s/sx

A

airway narrowing caused by bronchial-wall spasm and excess production of mucus

chest tightness, breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, signs of nausea, hypertension, fatigue, respiratory stridor, headaches, redness of skin

occur within 3-8 minutes of strenuous activity

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59
Q

Exercise-Induced Bronchial Obstruction (Asthma) management

A

a regular exercise program, conditioning and running longer distances, exercise intensity and length should be graduated slowly, exercise in warm, humid conditions, albuterol (B2 agonist, acts for 2 hours)

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60
Q

Cystic Fibrosis etiology

A

genetic disorder that may manifest as: 1) a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2) pancreatic
deficiency; 3) urogenital dysfunction; 4) increased electrolytes in sweat. Usually begins in infancy and is a major
cause of severe chronic lung disease in children (maximum life expectancy is 30 years)

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61
Q

Cystic Fibrosis s/sx

A

bronchitis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, gallbladder diseases, pancreatitis diabetes, and
nutritional deficiencies. Abnormally high production of mucus secretions in the lungs.

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62
Q

cystic fibrosis management

A 
drug therapy (ibu) can help slow progression of disease; antibiotics used to control pulmonary
disease. Constant postural drainage to mobilize secretions. High fluid intake, breathing of humidified air
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63
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy etiology

A

hereditary disease in which there is a degeneration of skeletal muscle with associated loss of strength. Muscle tissue is gradually replaced by adipose and fibrous connective tissue (connective tissue impedes circulation, which accelerates the degenerative process). Onset is usually between 2-10 years

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64
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy s/sx

A

problem manifests when child begins to walk; frequent falls and difficulty standing up; progressive degeneration hips legs abdominal and spinal musculature (muscles shorten as they atrophy, causing postural abnormalities)

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65
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy management

A

no cure; exercise to delay atrophy; death before age 20

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66
Q

Myasthenia Gravis etiology

A

autoimmine disease in which antibodies attack the synaptic junctions between nerves and muscles. Acetylcholine deficiency creates an abnormality that produces early fatigue in skeletal muscle (females 20-40 y)

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67
Q

Myasthenia Gravis s/sx

A

drooping of upper eyelid and double vision due to weakness in extraocular muscles. Difficulty
chewing and swallowing, weakness of the extremities, and general decrease in muscular endurance

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68
Q

Myasthenia Gravis management

A

drugs that inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine; corticosteroids to suppress immune system

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69
Q

Meningitis etiology

A

inflammation of the meninges that surround the spinal cord and brain (usually due to meningococcus bacteria = enter through the nose of throat). Causes swelling of the brain, enlargement of ventricles, and hemorrhage of the brain stem

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70
Q

Meningitis s/sx

A

high fever, stiff neck, intense headache, sensitivity to light and sound; progress to vomiting, convulsions, and coma

71
Q

Meningitis management

A

cerebrospinal fluid must be analyzed (spinal tap); intravenous antibiotics

72
Q

Multiple Sclerosis etiology

A

autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes deterioration and permanent damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds a nerve cell axon (nerve conduction disrupted); exact cause is uncertain

73
Q

Multiple Sclerosis s/sx

A

depend on the part of the nervous system affected; blurred vision with blind spots, speech defects, tremors, and muscle weakness and numbness in the extremities are common; disease may progress steadily or there may be acute attacks followed by partial or complete temporary remission of symptoms

74
Q

Multiple Sclerosis management

A

dealing with symptoms as they appear and disappear; avoid overexertion and fatigue, exposure to extreme temperature, and stressful situations

75
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etiology

A

also known as Lou GehrigUs disease; sclerosis of the lateral region of the spinal cord along with degeneration of motor neurons and significant atrophy of muscles

76
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis s/sx

A

difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and use of the hands; sensory and intellectual function remain intact; rapid progression of muscle atrophy

77
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management

A

no cure; individual still has normal intellectual function but is unable to communicate feelings and ideas

78
Q

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

A

abnormal and excessive response of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system that
occurs following injury. Most often, it is seen in the hand or foot resulting from the immobilization of an injured
part due to pain (associated with injuries to bone, soft tissue, nerves, or blood vessels)

79
Q

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy S/Sx

A

extreme hypersensitivity to touch, redness, sweating, burning/aching type pain, swelling with
palpable tightness and shining of the skin, and atrophy. Symptoms may persist for months up to one year

80
Q

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Management

A

treatment should be directed at disrupting the abnormal sympathetic response; sympathetic
ganglion nerve block administered by a physician is critical; pain-free AROM exercises and therapeutic modalities for decreasing pain and reducing swelling

81
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia Etiology

A

iron mainly stored in hemoglobin (64%) and bone marrow (27%).
Erythrocytes are too small
hemoglobin is decreased
ferritin concentration is low

ways of losing iron include bowel ischemia, aspirin or NSAIDs,

inadequate dietary intake

82
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia S/sx

A

decline in athletic performance, burning thighs/nausea from becoming anaerobic, ice craving. Most accurate test of iron status is serum ferritin test

83
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia management

A

eat a proper diet (more red meat or dark poultry), avoid coffee and tea (hamper iron absorption from grains), ingest vitamin C (enhance iron absorption), take an iron supplement

84
Q

Runners’ Anemia (Hemolysis) etiology

A

cause is the impact of the foot as it strikes the surface; impact forces destroy normal erythrocytes

85
Q

Runner’s Anemia (Hemolysis) S/Sx

A

mildly enlarged red cells, increased circulatory reticulocytes, decrease in concentration of haptoglobin.

86
Q

Runner’s Anemia (Hemolysis) Management

A

running on soft surfaces, wearing well-cushioned shoes and insoles, and running light

87
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia Etiology

A

chronic hereditary hemolytic disease; most common in African-Americans, Native Americans, and
Mediterranean populations; red cells are sickle-shaped, in which an abnormal type of hemoglobin exists; sickle cell has less potential for transporting oxygen and is fragile when compared with normal cells (15-20 day life span, vs. 120 days of normal cell) = short life of red cell often results in anemia; sickle-shape can cause clustering of cells and clogging of blood vessels; death may occur from stroke, heart disease, or an embolus in the lungs

88
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia S/sx

A

a sickle-cell crisis may be brought on by high altitudes or overheating of the skin; crisis symptoms include fever, severe fatigue, skin pallor, muscle weakness, and severe pain in the limbs and abdomen.

89
Q

Sickle-Cell Anemia Management

A

symptomatic treatment; anticoagulants and analgesics for pain

90
Q

Hemophilia Etiology

A

hereditary disease characterized by a deficiency in a clotting factor in the blood, prolonged coagulation time, failure of the blood to clot, and abnormal bleeding (predominantly a male disease)

91
Q

Hemophilia S/Sx

A

physical exertion can cause bleeding into muscles and joints, which can be extremely painful.

92
Q

Hemophilia Management

A

concentrated clotting factors can control bleeding for several days; hemophilacs should avoid
trauma and wear a medical alert bracelet

93
Q

Lymphangitis Etiology

A

inflammation of the lymphatic channels that is most often caused by strep; bacterial infection may occur in the blood (bacteremia)

94
Q

Lymphangitis S/Sx

A

usually occurs in extremities; deep reddening of skin, warmth, lymphandentitis, and a raised border over the affected area; chills, high fever, moderate pain and swelling

95
Q

Lymphangitis Management

A

patient should be hospitalized and vital signs should be closely monitored. Affected extremity should be elevated and warm, moist compresses applied. Antibiotics should be administered, fluid intake.

96
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Etiology

A

Diabetics should eat before exercise and should have hourly glucose supplementation. Type I (insulin- dependent) and Type II (non-insulin dependent) = Type I commonly to those under 35 years of age. Syndrome

that results from an interaction of physical and environmental factors. Complete or partial decrease of insulin by
the pancreas.

97
Q

Diabetes Mellitus S/Sx

A

Type I usually occurs in childhood: frequent urination, constant thirst, weight loss, constant
hunger tiredness and weakness, itchy dry skin, and blurred vision. Type II occurs later in life: associated with
being overweight, pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or body resists the insulin that is produced.

98
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Management

A

blood glucose levels must be controlled (balanced diet, doses of insulin if needed); exercise can
enhance glucose tolerance (Type I = increases sensitivity; Type II = decreases insulin resistance).

99
Q

Diabetic Coma

A

ketoacidosis

100
Q

Diabetic Coma Etiology

A

if an athlete is not treated adequately through proper diet or too little insulin is produced, the diabetic athlete can develop acidosis

101
Q

Diabetic Coma S/Sx

A

labored breathing/gasping for air, fruity-smelling breath caused by acetone, nausea and vomiting, thirst, dry mucous membrane of the mouth, flushed skin, and mental confusion or unconsciousness followed by coma

102
Q

Diabetic Coma Management

A

early detection of ketoacidosis is essential = injection of insulin into the athlete may prevent coma

103
Q

Insulin Shock

A

Hypoglycemia

104
Q

Insulin shock etiology

A

occurs when the body has too much insulin and too little blood sugar (hypoglycemia results)

105
Q

Insulin Shock s/sx

A

tingling in the mouth, hands, or other body parts; physical weakness; headaches; abdominal
pain. Normal or shallow respirations; rapid heartbeat; tremors along with irritability and drowsiness

106
Q

Insulin Shock management

A

athlete must adhere to a carefully planned diet that includes just a snack before exercise (complex
carbs and protein)

107
Q

Epilepsy Etiology

A

causes include genetics, altered brain metabolism or a history of injury.

108
Q

Epilepsy S/Sx

A

if an individual has daily or weekly seizures, collision sports should be prohibited (blow during
participation that causes unconsciousness could result in a serious injury). If seizures are properly controlled, little
sports restriction is necessary (except scuba diving, swimming alone, or activities at high altitudes)

109
Q

Epilepsy Management

A

anti-convulsant medication (side effects may occur). When an epileptic becomes aware of an
impending seizure, he/she should immediately sit or lie down. AT should cushion athleteUs fall, loosen restrictive clothing, place a soft cloth between the teeth, allow athlete to awaken normally after seizure (do not restrain athlete during seizure)

110
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

111
Q

Hypertension etiology

A

primary/essential: no associated disease

secondary: related to specific underlying cause

prolonged hypertension increases chances of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and stroke

112
Q

Hypertension S/Sx

A

primary is usually asymptomatic until complications occur; HBP may cause dizziness, flushed appearance, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, nervousness

113
Q

Hypertension Management

A

risk of death from heart disease doubles with every 20/10 mm/Hg increase in BP

114
Q

normal BP

A

120/80 mm Hg

115
Q

pre-hypertension

A

120-39/80-89 mm Hg

need to make lifestyle changes

116
Q

Stage 1 hypertension

A

140-159/90-99 mm Hg

need meds

117
Q

Stage 2 hypertension

A

at or greater 160/100 mm Hg

need meds

118
Q

Cancer etiology

A

cellular behavior becomes abnormal and cells no longer perform normal functions

cell’s genetic makeup is altered and changes the functions

abnormal cell reporoduces

119
Q

tumors types

A

benign and malignant

120
Q

Benign tumor

A

pose a small threat to tissue and tend to remain confined in a limited space

121
Q

Malignant tumors

A

grow out of control and spread within a specific tissue; may spread via blood and lymph systems (metastasize) to the entire body

122
Q

how are malignant tumors classified

A

according to type of tissue in which they occur and how fast they grow

123
Q

Causes of cancer

A

genetic origin, environment, viruses, UV light, radiation, chemicals, tobacco, alcohol, fatty diet

124
Q

Cancer S/sx

A

change in bowel and bladder habit, sore throat that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump somewhere in the body, ingestion or difficulty swallowing, change in wart/mole, nagging cough, hoarseness

125
Q

Cancer management

A

early detection and treatment improves chances of survival; most effective forms of treatment include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

126
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis

A

most common STI

127
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis etiology

A

in females, may result in pelvic inflammatory disease (cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy)

128
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis s/sx

A

males (inflammation and purulent discharge 7-28 days after intercourse; possibly painful
urination and traces of blood in urine); females (asymptomatic, may experience vaginal discharge, painful
urination, pelvic pain, and pain and inflammation in other sites)

129
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis management

A

organism identification and treatment; must be treated immediately in pregnant women;
uncomplicated cases treated with antibiotics

130
Q

Genital Herpes

A

venereal infection that is currently widespread

131
Q

Genital Herpes etiology

A

Type 2 herpes simplex virus; signs of disease appear 4-7 days after sexual contact; primary genital herpes crusts in 14-17 days, secondary cases crust in 10 days

132
Q

Genital Herpes s/sx

A

first signs = males have itching and soreness, females may be asymptomatic; 50-60% of all sufferers will never experience a second episode; lesions become ulcerated and then crust and heal in 10 days, leaving a scar; can be fatal to a newborn child

133
Q

Genital Herpes management

A

no cure (system antiviral medications may lessen early symptoms of disease)

134
Q

Trichomoniasis etiology

A

caused by the flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis; affects 20% of all females during their reproductive years and 5-10% of all males

135
Q

Trichomoniasis s/sx

A

Females experience greenish yellow and frothy discharge; causes irritation of vulva, perineum, and thighs, and may experience painful urination. Males are often asymptomatic, some experience a frothy, purulent urethral discharge

136
Q

Trichomoniasis management

A

two grams of metronidazole in one dose for females; 500mg 2x/day for 5-7 days for males

137
Q

Genital Candidiasis etiology

A

Candida occurs naturally in the vagina; several causes exist, may be transmitted sexually

138
Q

Genital Candidiasis s/sx

A

vulval irritation that begins with redness, severe pain, and vaginal discharge. Males are usually
asymptomatic but could develop some irritation and soreness of the glans penis

139
Q

Genital Candidiasis management

A

antifungal cream should be applied for 3 days

140
Q

Condyloma Acuminata

A

Venereal Warts

141
Q

Condyloma Acuminata etiology

A

venereal warts transmitted through sexual activity; appear on the glans penis, vulva, or anus

142
Q

Condyloma Acuminata s/sx

A

wart produces nodules that have a cauliflower-like lesion or can be singular; early the nodules
are soft, moist, pink or red swellings that develop a stem with a flowerlike head

143
Q

Condyloma Acuminata management

A

treated by a physician with a solution of 20-25% podophyllin; dry warts may be treated with liquid
nitrogen

144
Q

Gonorrhea etiology

A

acute venereal disease that can infect the urethra, cervix, and rectum; caused by gonococcal bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoea which is usually spread through sexual intercourse

145
Q

Gonorrhea s/sx

A

males = incubation period of 2-10 days, tingling sensation in urethra, greenish-yellow discharge of pus and painful urination. Females = 60% are aysymptomatic, onset is 7-21 days, vaginal discharge

146
Q

Gonorrhea management

A

untreated gonorrhea will become latent and manifest itself in later years, usually causes sterility or arthritis; treatment is antibiotics and immediate physician referral

147
Q

Syphilis etiology

A

caused by a spirochete bacteria Treponema pallidum; enters body by mucous membranes or lesions

148
Q

Syphilis s/sx

A

has 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, late/tertiary). Incubation period is 3-4 weeks
o Primary: a pain less chancre (ulceration) develops and heals within4-8 weeks; highly contagious, ulcerations can occur on the penis, urethra, vagina, cervix, mouth, hand, foot
o Secondary: 6-12 weeks after infection; skin rash, lymph swelling, body aches, mild flu like symptoms
oLatent: no or few symptoms; if untreated, approximately 33% of persons with latent syphilis will develop late/tertiary syphilis
o Late/tertiary: develops within 3-10 years of infection. Deep penetration of spirochetes that damage skin,
bond, and cardiovascular and nervous systems. Neurosyphilis can progress into severe muscle weakness,
paralysis, and various types of psychoses.

149
Q

Syphilis management

A

antibiotics (penicillin). Air drying and cleaning with soap and water will destroy it.

150
Q

Menarche

A

the onset of menses

151
Q

delayed menarche/primary amenorrhea

A

menstruation not occurring by age 16 or a failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics by age 14

late maturing girls: long legs, narrow hips, less adiposity, and body weight

152
Q

Menstruation

A

28 day cycles consists of follicular and luteal phases (each 14 days long)

menses varies from 3-7 days

153
Q

FSH

A

stimulates maturation of an ovarian follicle

inhibited when follicle reaches maturity due to estrogenic steroids produced by ovaries

154
Q

LH

A

stimulates the development of the corpus luteum and the endocrine structure that secretes progesterone and estrogen

eventually inhibited by progesterone

155
Q

Ovulation

A

release of the egg from the mature follicle at mid cycle

156
Q

Amenorrhea etiology

A

cause is often a hypothalamic dysfunction (GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone is often deficient). Pregnancy, abnormalities of reproductive/genital tract and cancer should be ruled out.

157
Q

Amenorrhea S/Sx

A

i. Competition such as long-distance running, gymnastics, professional ballet, cycling, or swimming
ii. Low body weight with weight loss after beginning of training
iii. Total calorie intake inadequate for energy needs
iv. Eating disorder
v. High incidence of menstrual abnormalities before vigorous training
vi. Higher levels of stress when compared with those experiencing normal menses
vii. Likely to have begun training at an early age
viii. A rapid increase in high-intensity exercise

158
Q

Amenorrhea management

A

reestablish normal hormone levels to return normal menstrual cycle. Nutritional counseling, reduction of exercise intensity. Estrogen replacement may be considered.

159
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

160
Q

Dysmenorrhea etiology

A

inconclusive whether sports participation can alleviate or produce dysmenorrheal; pathological
conditions should be ruled out

161
Q

Dysmenorrhea s/sx

A

cramps, nausea, lower abdominal pain, headache, and sometimes emotional lability

162
Q

Dysmenorrhea management

A

mild to vigorous exercise; most often occurs in swimmers or those athletes who perform for a long period of time

163
Q

Female Athlete Triad

A

disorder eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

164
Q

Female Athlete Triad etiology

A

the young woman athlete is pressured to fit an image, which results in disordered eating, which
may lead to menstrual dysfunction and subsequent premature osteoporosis

165
Q

Female Athlete Triad s/sx

A

premature bone loss and inadequate bone development that results in low bone mass,
micro-architectural destruction, increased skeletal fragility, and increased risk of fracture. Special concern
should be used for those athletes whose sport focuses on an ideal body type and weight

166
Q

Female Athlete Triad management

A

*prevention, education, identify those at risk

167
Q

Bone health issues

A

decrease of reproductive hormones

low bone mass = stress fractures

loss of periods

need to replace calcium, decrease training, increase total calories

168
Q

Contraceptive and Reproduction

A

Athletes should not take extra oral contraceptives to delay menstruation during competition (may cause nausea,
vomiting, fluid retention, amenorrhea, hypertension, double vision, and thrombophlebitis)

169
Q

Pregnancy

A

Can participate in physical activity well into the 3rd month; may continue into 7th month if no problems arise

It is during the first 3 months of pregnancy that dangers of harming the fetus are greatest

170
Q

Exercise and Pregnancy (Contra-indications)

A

pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm rupture of membranes, preterm labor
during the prior or current pregnancy, incompetent cervix or cerclage, persistent second or third trimester
bleeding, intrauterine growth retardation

171
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

o Fertilized egg is implanted outside the uterine cavity due to inflammation of the fallopian tubes or some mechanical blockage to the normal downward movement of the ovum

o Symptoms: amenorrhea, tenderness, soreness and pain on affected side, referred pain in the shoulders, pallor, and potentially signs of shock and hemorrhage

172
Q

Reyes syndrome

A

children recovering from infection are at risk, especially those who have been taking aspirin. causes swelling of the brain and liver damage, no cure - medical emergency

173
Q

Wolff Parkinson White Disease

A

the heart has an extra electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles causing tachycardia.

174
Q

functional scoliosis

A

curve in the spine but no rotation. is reversible as it is caused by muscular disturbances or leg length discrepancies

BOC (49 decks)

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