Chapter 17 - Pharmacology, Drugs, and Sports Flashcards
Pharmacology
branch of science that deals with the actions of drugs on biological systems, especially drugs that are used in medicine for diagnostic for therapeutic purposes
drug
chemical agent used in the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of disease/pathology
Pharmacokinetics
methods by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated or excreted by the body
pharmacodynamics
the actions or the effects of a drug on the body
inhalation
brings drug to respiratory tract
intradermal/subcutaneous
hypodermic needle injection
intramuscular
gluteal area or deltoid
intraspinal
anesthetization, withdrawal of spinal fluid
intravaginal
readily absorbed through mucosa
intravenous
immediate reaction to medication
sublingual /buccal
medicine dissolves in mouth and is absorbed by mucous lining
Inunctions
oily/medicated substances rubbed on skin
ointments
long-lasting topical medication
pastes
ointments with a nonfat base; spread onto cloth, usually having a cooling effect
plasters
thicker than ointments
usually an irritant applied as a counterirritant
used to decrease pain and inflammation
transdermal patches
patches with slow-release medications
solutions
antiseptics, disinfectants, vasoconstrictors
drug vehicle
therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug, a drug is housed in a vehicle that is liquid or solid
liquid drug vehicle
aqueous solution, elixir, liniment, spirit, suspension, syrup
solid drug vehicle
ampule, capsule, ointment, paste, tablet, plaster, powder, suppository
absorption of drug determined by
chemical characteristics of the drug, dosage form, and gastric emptying time
efficacy of a drug
capability of the drug to produce a specific therapeutic effect once it reaches the target tissue
potency of a drug
dose of the drug that is required to produce a desired therapeutic effect
metabolism of a drug
biotransformation of drugs into water-soluble compounds that can be excreted
mostly takes place in liver
drug half-life
the rate at which a drug disappears from the body
steady state
when the mont of the drugs taken is equal to the amount that is excreted
administer
providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by the patient
dispense
providing the patient with a drug in a quantity sufficient to be used for multiple doeses
record keeping should include
name, complaint/symptoms, current meds, known drug allergies, name of meds given, lot number, expiration date, quantity of medication given, method of administration, date and time of administration
labeling requirements for drugs
name of the produce
name and address of the manufacturers, packer or distributor
net contents of the package
established name of all active ingredients on the quantity of certain other ingredients whether active or not
name of any habit forming drug contained
cautions and warnings to protect the consumer
adequate directions for same and effective use
expiration date and lot number
anesthetics
produce local or general numbness
antacids
neutralize acidity
anticoagulants
prevent coagulation of blood
antidotes
prevent or counteract effect of poison
antiprurtics
relieve itching
antispetics
kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
antispasmodics
relieve muscle spasm
antitussives
inhibit or prevent coughing
astringents
cause contraction or puckering action
bacteriostatics
retard/inhibit growth of bacteria
carminatives
relieve flatulence (gas)
cathartics
evacuate substances from bowels
caustics
burning agents (capable of destroying living tissue)
counterirritants
produce an inflammatory reaction for relief of deeper inflammation
depressants
diminish body function or nerve activity
disinfectants
kill/inhibit growth of micro-organisms (apply to only nonliving material)
diuretics
increase excretion of urine
emetics
cause vomiting
expectorants
suppress coughing
hemostatics
slow down or stop bleeding or hemorrhage
irritants
cause irritation
narcotics
produce analgesic and hypnotic effects
sedatives
relieve anxiety
skeletal muscle relaxants
depress neural activity within skeletal muscle
vasoconstrictors and vasodilators
constrict or dilate blood vessel
alcohol
inexpensive, non-irritating, kills bacteria immediately
antiseptic, anstringent
phenol
derivatives are more commonly used
halogens
chemical substances (chlorine, fluoride, bromine)
iodophors (combo of iodine and a carrier)
oxidizing agents
hydrogen peroxide (affects bacteria but readily decomposes in the presence of organic substances such as blood and pus)
doesn’t work well as an antiseptic
most common fungi
epidermophyton
trichophyton
candida albicans
athletes foot
ketoconazole, amphotericin B
Griseofulvin
may become a functioning part of cutaneous tissue
antibiotics
topical dressings or systemic medications
penicillins / cephalosporins
antibiotics
interfere with metabolism of bacteria
bacitracin, tetracycline
modifies infection rather than getting ride of it
antibiotic
erythromycin
strep throat
antibiotic
sulfonamides
antibiotic
makes pathogens vulnerable to phagocytes
types of drugs for asthma
quick-relief meds
long term control
metered-dose inhalers
dry powder inhalers
quick relief meds for asthma
short-acting beta 2 agonists (albuterol-bronchodilator)
anticholinergics
oral corticosteroids
long term control meds for asthma
inhaled corticosteroids (prevent inflammation of chronic asthma), long-acting beta 2 agonists
drugs that inhibit pain and inflammation
counterirritants and local anesthetics
narcotic analgesics
nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
counterirritants and local anesthetics
spray coolants alcohol (evaporates and cools rapidly) menthol (i.e. vix vaporub) cold/ice - vasoconstriction and numbness lydocaine
narcotic analgesics
codeine
propoxyphene hydrochloride
morphine
codeine
resembles morphine but is less potent
propoxyphene hydrochloride
mild analgesic, stronger than aspirin, can be habit forming
morphine
strong pain reliever
habit forming
can slow respiration
nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
acetominophen: non anti-inflammatory activity; over ingestion could cause liver damage
drugs to reduce inflammation
aspirin, NSAIDs, Corticosteroids
aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesisc,
GI side effects, should not be given to
NSAIDs
non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis;
anti-inflammation
less side effects, longer duration
corticosteroids
chronic inflammation
via injection,
can cause weakening/degeneration of tendons and ligaments
Drugs for GI disorders
Antacids, antiemetics, carminatives, cathartics, Antidiarrheals, histamine-2 blockers
Antacids (what does it do, what does it tx, common form)
neutralize acidity in upper GI
raises pH
inhibits digestive enzyme (pepsin)
tx: acid indigestion,heartburn, peptic ulcers
common: sodium bicarbonate
Antiemetics
tx: nausea/vomiting
Phenegran, antihistaines, anticholinergic drugs for preventing motion sickness and sedative drugs
side effect: sleepiness
Carminatives
relief from gas (flatulence)
inhibit gas formation in digestive canal and aid in its expulsion.
simethicone-commonly used
cathartics
laxatives
should be used under direction of a physician
antidiarrheals
locally acting medication
contain kaolin (absorbs other chemicals) and pectin (soothes irritated bowels)
some add bulk
most are prescription drugs (except loperamide/Imodium AD)
Histamine-2 Blockers
reduce stomach acid output by blocking histamine on certain cells in the stomach
tx: peptic ulcers, gastic ulcers,
Tagamet, Zantac
Drugs used to tx colds and allergies
nasal decongestants
antihistamines
cough medicines
sympathomimetics
nasal decongestants
mild vasoconstricting agents (Afrin, Otivin)
prolonged used can cause congestion and dependency
Oral agents (Sudafed)
Antihistamines
histamines cause dilation of arteries and capillaries, skin flushing, rise in skin temp
Benadryl, Claritin
can impair ability to sweat
cough medicines
antitussives (suppress cough)
-contain - diphenhydraine, dextromethorphan, bezonatate
or increase production of fluid in respiratory system (expectorants)
-contain guaifenesin
Sympathomimetics
used to tx exercise-induced asthma;
albuterol - bronchodilator
epinephrine - anaphylatic reaction
drugs used to control bleeding
vasoconstrictors
hemostatic agents
anticoagulants
Vasoconstrictors
epinephrine, applied to hemorrhaging area
hemostatic agents
thrombin
anticoagulants
common - herparin and coumarin derivatives
herparin
prolongs clotting time of blood (controls extension of a present thrombus)
coumarin
suppressing the formation of pro-thrombin in the liver
drugs that increase rate of heat illness
drugs that affect CNS and PnS
anticholinergics and antihistamines - decrease peripheral sweating
sympathomimetic amines - vasoconstrictors could cause heat stroke
Performance enhancing substances
stimulants, narcotica analgesics drugs, beta blockers, diuretics, anabolic steroids, androstenedione, human growth hormone
stimulants
psychomotor stimulant drugs (amphetamines and non-amphetamine)
adrenergic dugs
amphetamines
produce euphoria, increased sense of well-being, heightened mental activity
will cause fatigue, nervousness, insomnia, and anorexia
caffeine
stimulates cerebral cortex
wakefulness
mental alertness
can raise BP, increase plasma levels of epinephrine and rennin
narcotic analgesic drugs
derived from opium or synthetic opiates
morphine/codeine - pain management
beta blockers (what they effect, used for, how they work)
beta: type of sympathetic nerve ending
used for hypertension and heart disease or by sports requiring steadiness
inhibit action of catecholamines - producing relaxation of blood vessels –> slows heart rate and decreases contractility of heart muscle and Cardiac output
anabolic steroids
synthetically created chemical compounds who structure resembles naturally occurring testosterone
increease anabolic effect, and decrease androgenic side effects
common: anavar, dianabol, anadrol, finajet
anabolic
promote nitrogen retention (protein synthesis in muscle)
androgenic
growth development and maintenance of reproductive tissues and masculinization in males
side effects of anabolic steroids
liver tumors, heart disease, hypertension, CNS dysfunction, irreversible changes to reproductive and endocrine systems
THG
tetrahydrogestrinone
synthetic designer steroid
banned by U.S. Anti-doping agency
may be undetectable on drug tests
Androstenedione
used to produce testosterone increases in males, and improve performance in females
banned by IOC, NCAA, NFL, MLB
HGH
human growth hormone
produced by soma tropic cells of anterior pituitary
can be made synthetically
Drug Testing
NCAA- all athletes sign consent forms
USOC - randomly tests
athletes provide identification and urinate in 2 bottles under direct observation
banned substances by NCAA and USOC
anabolic steroids, diuretics, beta blockers, peptide hormones, stimulants (excluding permissed inahlants), caffeine (12 ug/mL for USOC and 15 ug/mL for NCAA), blood doping
just banned by USOC
narcotic analgesics, skeletal muscle relaxants, cough/cold decongestants, injectable aesthetics, corticosteroids
just banned by NCAA
substances that contain alcohol, stress drugs (heroin and marijuana)
tylenol
pain killer, doesn’t really affect swelling,
acetaminophen
IBprofuen
little pain relief, helps with swelling
type of NSAID, addaprin, blood thinner
aleve
neproxin sodium
NSAID
blood thinner
blood thinner (NSAID
mobic, motrin, bactrim, ibuprofen,
therapeutic level
need at least 24-72 hours of medicine on a cycle to keep levels constant in the blood stream to establish a therapeutic level
psychotropic meds
riddlin, adderol, antidepressants, anti-anxiety, sertraline (Zoloft) fluoxetine (Prozac) citalopram (Celexa) escitalopram (Lexapro) paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) fluvoxamine (Luvox) trazodone (Oleptro)
chemical name
specifies the chemical structure
ex 4-(dimethyl-amino)
generic name
name assigned to each drug entity
non-proprietary name
trade name
name associated with company that markets the drug proprietary name (NyQuil)
doxycycline
antibiotic
generic name vs generic drug
every drug has a generic name, not all are sold as generic brands
drugs classified based on
chemical structure, mechanism of action, based on legal action
beta-adrenergic-agonists
albuterol, salmeterol
these are all drugs that bind to and stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors
legal classifications
non-prescription, OTC, controlled substances, prescription drugs
non-prescription
low frequency of adverse effects
no need for periodic monitoring requirements
effective at appropriate OTC dose
prescription drugs
potential for adverse effects
requirements for monitoring
drug interactions
can only be used for a short time period
controlled substance, scheduled drugs
potential for abuse
restrictions on distribution, storage, and record keeping
five schedules based on the potential for abuse and whether the drug has an accepted medical use
controlled substance, schedule 1
high abuse potential
no accepted use in U.S.
Marijuana, LSD, Heroin
medical marijuana is not FDA approved
controlled substance, schedule 2
high abuse
accepted medical sue in US
cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, demerol, oxycontin, hydrocodone, ritalin
controlled substance, schedule 3
lower abuse potential than schedule 2
accepted medical use in U.S.
ex: anabolic steroids, tylenol #3 (tylenol with codeine)
controlled substance, schedule 4
lower abuse potential than schedule 3
accepted medial use
ex: valium, xanax
controlled substance, schedule 5
lowest abuse potential
contain small amounts of drug
may be nonprescription in some states
example: cough syrup with codeine
