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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Joint?

A

A point of contact between:
2 or more bones
Cartilage and bone
Teeth and bone

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2
Q

What are the Structural Classifications of Joints?

A

Fibrous - no movement
Cartilaginous - very slight movement
Synovial - most movement

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3
Q

What are Fibrous Joints?

A

Lacks Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Types:

Sutures:
Dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - Suture in skull

Syndesmoses:
More dense fibrous connective tissue than a suture
ex - Gomphosis in teeth

Interosseus Membranes:
Broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - between Radius and Ulna

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4
Q

What are Cartilaginous Joints?

A

Lack Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with cartilage connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Types:

Synchondrosis:
Hyaline cartilage with no movement
ex - Epiphyseal Plate, Costocartilage

Symphysis:
Fibrocartilage with some movement
ex - Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

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5
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

Articular cartilage on ends of long bones
Synovial Cavity between articulating bones
Surrounded by Accessory Ligaments
Contain Synovial Fluid, a nerve, and blood supply
Surrounded by an Articular Capsule
Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow

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6
Q

What are the Functional Classifications of Joints?

A

Synarthroses - Fibrous
Amphiarthroses - Cartilaginous
Diarthroses - Synovial

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7
Q

What are Synarthroses Joints?

A

Allow no movement
ex - Suture, Gomphosis

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8
Q

What are Amphiarthroses Joints?

A

Allow little movement
ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

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9
Q

What are Diarthroses Joints?

A

Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow

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10
Q

What is a Suture Joint?

A

Articulating bones united by a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Found between skull bones
With age, some sutures replaced by Synostosis

Synostosis:
Separate cranial bones fuse into single bone

Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Coronal suture

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11
Q

What is a Syndesmosis?

A

Articulating bones united by more dense irregular connective tissue
Usually a Ligament

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- distal Tibiofibular Joint

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12
Q

What is an Interosseus Membrane?

A

Articulating bones united by substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Between Tibia and Fibula

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13
Q

What is a Synchondrosis?

A

Connecting material
Hyaline cartilage

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Synarthroses (immoveable)

ex- Between first rib and Manubrium of Sternum

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14
Q

What is a Symphysis?

A

Connecting material
Broad, flat disc of Fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

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15
Q

What is an Epiphyseal Cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage growth center
Not actually a joint

Synarthrosis (immoveable)

ex- Epiphyseal Plate between Diaphysis and Epiphysis of long bone

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16
Q

What is an Articular Capsule?

A

Surrounds synovial joints

Made of:
Fibrous Membrane
Synovial Membrane

Houses:
Synovial Cavity (with Synovial Fluid)
Articular cartilage
Parts of the epiphyses of articulating bones

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17
Q

What are Bursae and Tendon Sheaths?

A

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths can be found at many Synovial Joints

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18
Q

What are Bursae?

A

Sac-like structures filled with Synovial Fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

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19
Q

What are Tendon Sheaths?

A

A tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

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20
Q

What are the Types of Movements at Synovial Joints?

A

1- Gliding

2- Angular:
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

3- Rotation

4- Special:
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition

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21
Q

What is a Gliding movement?

A

Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another
Little change in angle between bones

ex- Carpals, Tarsals

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22
Q

What is a Angular movement?

A

Increase or decrease in angle between bones

23
Q

What is a Flexion movement?

A

Decrease angle between articulating bones
In sagittal plane

24
Q

What is a Lateral Flexion movement?

A

Movement of trunk in frontal plane

25
Q

What is a Extension movement?

A

Increase in angle between articulating bones
Usually in sagittal plane

26
Q

What is a Hyperextension movement?

A

Extension beyond anatomical position

27
Q

What is a Abduction movement?

A

Movement of bone away from midline
Usually in frontal plane

28
Q

What is a Adduction movement?

A

Movement of bon towards midline
usually in frontal plane

29
Q

What is a Circumduction movement?

A

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession
Distal end of body parts move in circle

30
Q

What is a Rotation movement?

A

Movement of bone around longitudinal axis
In limbs, may be medial or lateral

31
Q

What is a Special movement?

A

Occurs at specific joints

32
Q

What is a Elevation movement?

A

Superior movement of body part

33
Q

What is a Depression movement?

A

Inferior movement of body part

34
Q

What is a Protraction movement?

A

Anterior movement of body part
In transverse plane

35
Q

What is a Retraction movement?

A

Posterior movement of body part
In transverse plane

36
Q

What is a Inversion movement?

A

Medial movement of sole

37
Q

What is a Eversion movement?

A

Lateral movement of sole

38
Q

What is a Dorsiflexion movement?

A

Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)

39
Q

What is a Plantar Flexion movement?

A

Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)

40
Q

What is a Supination movement?

A

Movement of forearm that turn palm anteriorly

41
Q

What is a Pronation movement?

A

Movement of forearm that turn palm posteriorly

42
Q

What is a Opposition movement?

A

Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand

43
Q

What is a Plane Joint?

A

Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved

Many Biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable):
Back and forth
Side to side

Some Triaxial diarthroses:
Back and forth
Side to side
Rotation

ex- Intercarpal, Intertarsal, Sternocostal (between Sternum and 2nd to 7th pairs of Ribs, Vertebrocostal joints

44
Q

What is a Hinge Joint?

A

Convex surface fits into concave surface

Uniaxial diarthrosis:
Flexion
Extension

ex- Knee (modified hinge), Elbow, Ankle, Interphalangeal joints

45
Q

What is a Pivot Joint?

A

Rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament

Uniaxial diarthrosis:
Rotation

ex- Atlanto-axial and Radioulnar joints

46
Q

What are the Factors that affect contact and range of motion at Synovial Joints?

A

1- Structure and shape of articulating bones
2- Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
3- Arrangement and tension of the muscles
4- Contact of soft parts
5- Hormones (at symphyses such as Estrogen for birth)
5- Disuse

47
Q

What is the Temporomandibular Joint made of?

A

Articular Capsule
Lateral Ligament
Stylomandibular Ligament

Sphenomandibular Ligament

Synovial Cavity:
Superior Compartment
Inferior Compartment
Articular Disc

48
Q

What is the Shoulder Joint made of?

A

Coracoclavicular Ligaments:
Conoid Ligament
Trapezoid Ligament

Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament
Acromioclavicular Ligament
Coracoacromial Ligament
Coracohumeral Ligament
Glenohumeral Ligament
Transverse Humeral Ligament

Subacromial Bursa
Subscapular Bursa

Articular Capsule

Tendon of Subscapularis Muscle
Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle(long head)
Tendon of Supraspinatus Muscle
Tendon of Infraspinatus Muscle
Tendon of Teres Minor Muscle

Glenoid Labrum
Glenoid Cavity (covered with Articular Cartilage)

49
Q

What is the Elbow Joint made of?

A

Anular Ligament of the Radius
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Radial Collateral Ligament

Articular Capsule

Olecranon Bursa

Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle

50
Q

What is the Hip Joint made of?

A

Iliofemoral Ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Ligament of Head of Femur
Transverse Ligament of Acetabulum

Obturator Canal
Obturator Membrane

Zona Orbicularis

Tendon of Rectus Femoris Muscle

Acetabular Labrum

Articular Capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial Cavity

51
Q

What is the Knee Joint made of?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Transverse Ligament of Knee

Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus

Fibular Collateral Ligament
Tibial Collateral Ligament

Anterior Ligament of Head of Fibula

Patellar Ligament

Suprapatellar Bursa
Prepatellar Burse
Infrapatellar Bursa

Tendon of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
Articular Cartilage
Infrapatellar Fat Pad

Lateral Patellar Retinaculum
Medial Patellar Retinaculum

Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Arcuate Popliteal Ligament

52
Q

How does Aging affect Joints?

A

Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flexibility

53
Q

What is Arthroplasty?

A

Joint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of the effects of aging

54
Q

What are some Joint Disorders?

A

Rheumatism and Arthritis
Lyme Disease
Spain and Strain
Tenosynovitis
Dislocated Mandible

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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