Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards
What is a Joint?
A point of contact between:
2 or more bones
Cartilage and bone
Teeth and bone
What are the Structural Classifications of Joints?
Fibrous - no movement
Cartilaginous - very slight movement
Synovial - most movement
What are Fibrous Joints?
Lacks Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement
Types:
Sutures:
Dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - Suture in skull
Syndesmoses:
More dense fibrous connective tissue than a suture
ex - Gomphosis in teeth
Interosseus Membranes:
Broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - between Radius and Ulna
What are Cartilaginous Joints?
Lack Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with cartilage connective tissue
Permit little or no movement
Types:
Synchondrosis:
Hyaline cartilage with no movement
ex - Epiphyseal Plate, Costocartilage
Symphysis:
Fibrocartilage with some movement
ex - Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs
What are Synovial Joints?
Articular cartilage on ends of long bones
Synovial Cavity between articulating bones
Surrounded by Accessory Ligaments
Contain Synovial Fluid, a nerve, and blood supply
Surrounded by an Articular Capsule
Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow
What are the Functional Classifications of Joints?
Synarthroses - Fibrous
Amphiarthroses - Cartilaginous
Diarthroses - Synovial
What are Synarthroses Joints?
Allow no movement
ex - Suture, Gomphosis
What are Amphiarthroses Joints?
Allow little movement
ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs
What are Diarthroses Joints?
Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow
What is a Suture Joint?
Articulating bones united by a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Found between skull bones
With age, some sutures replaced by Synostosis
Synostosis:
Separate cranial bones fuse into single bone
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
ex- Coronal suture
What is a Syndesmosis?
Articulating bones united by more dense irregular connective tissue
Usually a Ligament
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
ex- distal Tibiofibular Joint
What is an Interosseus Membrane?
Articulating bones united by substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
ex- Between Tibia and Fibula
What is a Synchondrosis?
Connecting material
Hyaline cartilage
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Synarthroses (immoveable)
ex- Between first rib and Manubrium of Sternum
What is a Symphysis?
Connecting material
Broad, flat disc of Fibrocartilage
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs
What is an Epiphyseal Cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage growth center
Not actually a joint
Synarthrosis (immoveable)
ex- Epiphyseal Plate between Diaphysis and Epiphysis of long bone
What is an Articular Capsule?
Surrounds synovial joints
Made of:
Fibrous Membrane
Synovial Membrane
Houses:
Synovial Cavity (with Synovial Fluid)
Articular cartilage
Parts of the epiphyses of articulating bones
What are Bursae and Tendon Sheaths?
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths can be found at many Synovial Joints
What are Bursae?
Sac-like structures filled with Synovial Fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
What are Tendon Sheaths?
A tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction
What are the Types of Movements at Synovial Joints?
1- Gliding
2- Angular:
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
3- Rotation
4- Special:
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
What is a Gliding movement?
Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another
Little change in angle between bones
ex- Carpals, Tarsals
What is a Angular movement?
Increase or decrease in angle between bones
What is a Flexion movement?
Decrease angle between articulating bones
In sagittal plane
What is a Lateral Flexion movement?
Movement of trunk in frontal plane
What is a Extension movement?
Increase in angle between articulating bones
Usually in sagittal plane
What is a Hyperextension movement?
Extension beyond anatomical position
What is a Abduction movement?
Movement of bone away from midline
Usually in frontal plane
What is a Adduction movement?
Movement of bon towards midline
usually in frontal plane
What is a Circumduction movement?
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession
Distal end of body parts move in circle
What is a Rotation movement?
Movement of bone around longitudinal axis
In limbs, may be medial or lateral
What is a Special movement?
Occurs at specific joints
What is a Elevation movement?
Superior movement of body part
What is a Depression movement?
Inferior movement of body part
What is a Protraction movement?
Anterior movement of body part
In transverse plane
What is a Retraction movement?
Posterior movement of body part
In transverse plane
What is a Inversion movement?
Medial movement of sole
What is a Eversion movement?
Lateral movement of sole
What is a Dorsiflexion movement?
Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)
What is a Plantar Flexion movement?
Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)
What is a Supination movement?
Movement of forearm that turn palm anteriorly
What is a Pronation movement?
Movement of forearm that turn palm posteriorly
What is a Opposition movement?
Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand
What is a Plane Joint?
Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved
Many Biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable):
Back and forth
Side to side
Some Triaxial diarthroses:
Back and forth
Side to side
Rotation
ex- Intercarpal, Intertarsal, Sternocostal (between Sternum and 2nd to 7th pairs of Ribs, Vertebrocostal joints
What is a Hinge Joint?
Convex surface fits into concave surface
Uniaxial diarthrosis:
Flexion
Extension
ex- Knee (modified hinge), Elbow, Ankle, Interphalangeal joints
What is a Pivot Joint?
Rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
Uniaxial diarthrosis:
Rotation
ex- Atlanto-axial and Radioulnar joints
What are the Factors that affect contact and range of motion at Synovial Joints?
1- Structure and shape of articulating bones
2- Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
3- Arrangement and tension of the muscles
4- Contact of soft parts
5- Hormones (at symphyses such as Estrogen for birth)
5- Disuse
What is the Temporomandibular Joint made of?
Articular Capsule
Lateral Ligament
Stylomandibular Ligament
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Synovial Cavity:
Superior Compartment
Inferior Compartment
Articular Disc
What is the Shoulder Joint made of?
Coracoclavicular Ligaments:
Conoid Ligament
Trapezoid Ligament
Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament
Acromioclavicular Ligament
Coracoacromial Ligament
Coracohumeral Ligament
Glenohumeral Ligament
Transverse Humeral Ligament
Subacromial Bursa
Subscapular Bursa
Articular Capsule
Tendon of Subscapularis Muscle
Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle(long head)
Tendon of Supraspinatus Muscle
Tendon of Infraspinatus Muscle
Tendon of Teres Minor Muscle
Glenoid Labrum
Glenoid Cavity (covered with Articular Cartilage)
What is the Elbow Joint made of?
Anular Ligament of the Radius
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Radial Collateral Ligament
Articular Capsule
Olecranon Bursa
Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle
What is the Hip Joint made of?
Iliofemoral Ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Ligament of Head of Femur
Transverse Ligament of Acetabulum
Obturator Canal
Obturator Membrane
Zona Orbicularis
Tendon of Rectus Femoris Muscle
Acetabular Labrum
Articular Capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial Cavity
What is the Knee Joint made of?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Transverse Ligament of Knee
Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus
Fibular Collateral Ligament
Tibial Collateral Ligament
Anterior Ligament of Head of Fibula
Patellar Ligament
Suprapatellar Bursa
Prepatellar Burse
Infrapatellar Bursa
Tendon of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
Articular Cartilage
Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Lateral Patellar Retinaculum
Medial Patellar Retinaculum
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Arcuate Popliteal Ligament
How does Aging affect Joints?
Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flexibility
What is Arthroplasty?
Joint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of the effects of aging
What are some Joint Disorders?
Rheumatism and Arthritis
Lyme Disease
Spain and Strain
Tenosynovitis
Dislocated Mandible
