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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 7 - The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Axial Skeleton do for Homeostasis?

A

Bones of Axial Skeleton protect body’s organs

Cranium surrounds Brain
Vertebrae surround Spinal Cord
Ribs surround Heart and Lungs

Bones also support storage and release of Calcium

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2
Q

What is the the 2 Types of Skeleton? And how many Bones are there in the body?

A

Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
206 Bones in body

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3
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A

80 Bones
Skull bones
Auditory Ossicles (SIM: Stapes, Incus, Malleus)
Hyoid bone
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum

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4
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126 Bones
Bones of upper and lower extremities
Bones forming Girdles (Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles) that connect limbs to Axial Skeleton

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5
Q

What is the Pelvic Girdle?

A

Hip bone
Also called Coxal bone, or Pelvic bone

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6
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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7
Q

What are the bones of the Axial Skeleton?

A
  • Skull:
    Cranium (8)
    Face (14)
  • Hyoid Bone (1)

-Auditory Ossicles (sim):
Stapes (2)
Incus (2)
Malleus (2)

  • Vertebral Column (26)
  • Thorax:
    Sternum (1)
    Ribs (24)

Total = 80 bones

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8
Q

What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral Girdles:
    Clavicle (2)
    Scapula (2)
  • Upper Limbs:
    Humerus (2)
    Ulna (2)
    Radius (2)
    Carpals (16)
    Metacarpals (10)
    Phalanges (28)
  • Pelvic Girdle:
    Hip or Pelvic or Coxal Bone (2)
  • Lower Limbs:
    Femur (2)
    Patella (2)
    Fibula (2)
    Tibia (2)
    Tarsals (14)
    Metatarsals (10)
    Phalanges (28)

Total = 126 bones

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9
Q

What are the 5 Shapes of Bone?

A

1- Long:
Greater in length than width

2- Short:
Cube shaped

3- Flat:
Thin layers of parallel plates

4- Irregular:
Complex shapes

5- Sesamoid:
Shaped like a sesame seed (ex: Patella)

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10
Q

What are bone Sutures? What are Sutural Bones?

A

Sutures:
Jointed areas where flat bone come together

Sutural Bones:
Small, extra bone plates located within sutures of cranial bones

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11
Q

What are Bone Surface Markings?

A

Bones have characteristic surface markings
Structural features adapted for specific functions

2 Major types:

1- Depressions and Openings:
Allow passage of soft tissue
Form joints

2- Processes:
Projections or outgrowths that form joints
Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

What are some Bone Surface Markings?

A

Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus
Condyle
Facet
Head
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous Process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity

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13
Q

What is a Fissure?

A

Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves

ex: Superior orbital fissure

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14
Q

What is a Foramen?

A

Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

ex: Foramen magnum

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15
Q

What is a Fossa?

A

Shallow depression

ex: Mandibular fossa

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16
Q

What is a Sulcus?

A

Furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or tendons

ex: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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17
Q

What is a Meatus?

A

Tubelike opening

ex: External auditory meatus

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18
Q

What is a Condyle?

A

Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

ex: Occipital condyle

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19
Q

What is a Facet?

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
(Area meant for articulation)

ex: Superior articular facet in vertebrae

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20
Q

What is a Head?

A

Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

ex: Head of clavicle

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21
Q

What is a Crest?

A

Prominent ridge or elongated process

ex: Median sacral crest

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22
Q

What is an Epicondyle?

A

Usually roughened projection on a condyle

ex: Medial epicondyle of femur

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23
Q

What is a Line?

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

ex: Superior nuchal line

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24
Q

What is a Spinal Process?

A

Sharp, slender projection

ex: Spinous process on vertebrae

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25
What is a Trochanter?
Very large projection found only on the femur
26
What is a Tubercle?
Variably sized rounded projection ex: Tubercle of rib
27
What is a Tuberosity?
Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surfaces ex: Sacral tuberosity
28
What is the Skull made of?
Skull contains 22 bones Not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears (Stapes, Incus, Malleus) Associated with these bones are a number of processes, ridges, lines, depressions, and foramina
29
What is the Mandible?
Lower Jawbone Largest and strongest facial bone Other than Auditory Ossicles, it's the only moveable skull bone
30
What passes through Carotid Foramen?
Internal carotid artery Sympathetic nerves for eyes
31
What passes through Hypoglossal Canal?
Hypoglossal (XII) nerve Branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
32
What passes through Infraorbital Foramen?
Infraorbital nerve and blood vessels Branch of maxillary division of Trigeminal (V) nerve
33
What passes through Jugular Foramen?
Internal jugular vein Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve Vagus (X) nerve Accessory (XI) nerve
34
What passes through Foramen Lacerum?
Branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
35
What passes through Foramen Magnum?
Medulla Oblongata and its membranes (meninges) Accessory (XI) nerve Vertebral and spinal arteries
36
What passes through Mandibular Foramen?
Inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels
37
What passes through Mastoid Foramen?
Emissary vein to transverse sinus Branch of occipital artery to Dura Mater
38
What passes through Mental Foramen?
Mental nerve and vessels
39
What passes through Olfactory Foramen?
Olfactory (I) nerve
40
What passes through Optic Foramen?
Optic (II) nerve Ophthalmic artery
41
What passes through Foramen Ovale?
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal (V) nerve
42
What passes through Foramen Rotundum?
Maxillary branch of Trigeminal (V) nerve
43
What passes through Stylomastoid Foramen?
Facial (VII) nerve Stylomastoid artery
44
What passes through Supraorbital Foramen?
Supraorbital nerve and artery
45
What are Sutures of the Skull?
A suture is an immoveable joint Found in skull holding bones such as temporal and parietal bones together Coronal Suture Sagittal (Parietal) Suture Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture
46
What are Paranasal Sinuses of the Skull?
Paranasal Sinuses: mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, axillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones Used as resonating chambers to enhance voice Increase surface area of nasal mucosa and help moisten as well
47
What are Fontanels of the Skull?
Fontanels: Areas of a fetus/baby where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue They close up through intramembranous ossification by age 2 Anterior Fontanel: Future Coronal Suture Posterior Fontanel: Future Lambdoid Suture Anterolateral and Posterolateral Fontanels: Future Squamous Suture
48
What is the Hyoid Bone?
Does not articulate with any other bone Supports tongue and provides attachment site for some muscles of neck and pharynx
49
What is the Vertebral Column?
Spinal Column, Backbone, Spine Composed of 26 vertebrae divided into 5 regions Protects Spinal Cord Vertebrae from each region have unique structures that help identify which type they are
50
What are the 5 regions of the Vertebral Column?
Cervical Vertebrae - 7 Thoracic Vertebrae - 12 Lumbar Vertebrae - 5 Sacrum - 1 (5 joint together) Coccyx - 1 (4-5 joint together)
51
What are the 4 Curves of the Vertebral Column?
2 Primary curves (Thoracic and Sacral curves) 2 Secondary curves (Cervical and Lumbar curves) Cervical curve Thoracic curve Lumbar curve Sacral curve Fetus has C-shaped vertebral column Adult has left-C, C, left-C, C
52
What are Intervertebral Discs?
Located between bodies of vertebrae from 2nd cervical to sacrum Composed of: Outer ring of Fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) Inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus) Layer of Hyaline cartilage on top and bottom of each disc Absorb shock and separate vertebrae from one another
53
What are Cervical Vertebrae?
C1 - Atlas C2 - Axis C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 - Vertebra Prominens
54
What are Thoracic Vertebrae?
Support ribs and have special structures for rib head and tubercle attachment T1: Smallest T2-T8: Medium T9-T12: Largest
55
What are Lumbar Vertebrae?
Largest and strongest vertebrae No special structures that are specifically associated with lumbar vertebrae
56
What are the Sizes, Foramina, and Spinous Processes for Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae?
1- Size: Cervical: Small Thoracic: Larger Lumbar: Largest 2- Foramina: Cervical: 1 vertebral foramen and 2 transverse foramina Thoracic: 1 vertebral foramen Lumbar: 1 vertebral foramen 3- Spinous Processes: Cervical: Slender, often bifid from C2-C6 Thoracic: Long, thick, inferiorly Lumbar: Short, blunt, posteriorly
57
What are the Sacrum and Coccyx?
Sacrum: Triangular shaped part of pelvic girdle Composed of 5 vertebrae that fuse Coccyx: Much smaller than Sacrum Also triangular shaped Composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse
58
What is the Thorax?
Thorax is entire chest region Bones that compose thoracic cage are Sternum, Ribs, and Costal Cartilage True Ribs: 1-7 False Ribs: 8-10 Floating Ribs: 11-12
59
What is the Sternum?
Composed of 3 segments: 1- Manubrium 2- Body 3- Xiphoid Process Sternum articulates with clavicles and costal cartilage
60
What are Ribs?
12 pairs Provide structural support to thoracic cavity True Ribs: 1-7 Their cartilage directly connected to sternum False Ribs: 8-10 Cartilage indirectly connected to sternum Floating Ribs: 11-12 Not connected to sternum
61
What is a Herniated Disc?
May occur due to trauma or sometimes is simply associated with aging
62
What are Disorders to Curves of Spinal Column?
Scoliosis: Increased lateral curvature Kyphosis: Increased thoracic curve - bent forward Lordosis: Increased lumbar curve - bent backwards
63
What is Spina Bifida?
Spina Bifida is a congenital defect of vertebral column Laminae do not develop normally Degree of deformity vary from: Minor: Spina Bifida Occulta Severe: Spina Bifida with Meningomyelocele
64
What is Bone Marrow?
Bone Marrow is a soft connective tissue of bone 2 Types: Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone Marrow
65
What is Red Bone Marrow?
Hemopoietic: Produce RBC Reticular connective tissue Immature blood cells Fat Children: Located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones Adults: Located only in certain bones of Axial Skeleton Skull Vertebrae Ribs Sternum Ossa Coxae Proximal Epiphysis of Humerus and Femur
66
What is Yellow Bone Marrow?
Product of Red Bone Marrow degeneration as children mature Fatty substance May convert back to Red Bone Marrow during: Severe Anemia Facilitates production of additional Erythrocytes
67
What is Hyaline Cartilage? What is its composition?
Embedded in gel-like substance Includes Proteoglycans but no Calcium Resilient and flexible High water percentage Highly compressible and shock absorber Avascular, and no nerves Composition: Chondroblasts Chondrocytes Perichondrium
68
What is a Chondroblast?
Hyaline cartilage cell Produce cartilage matrix
69
What is a Chondrocyte?
Hyaline cartilage cell Chondroblast encased within matrix Occupy Lacunae Maintain matrix
70
What is the Perichondrium?
Dense irregular connective tissue Covers cartilage Helps maintain its shape
71
What is Cartilage Growth?
Begins during embryological development 2 Types: 1- Interstitial Growth: Grows in length Within internal regions of cartilage Declines as cartilage matures 2- Appositional Growth: Grows in width Outside cartilage's outside edge Growth stops when cartilage fully mature, unless injury
72
What is Achondroplasia?
Abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone Most common - Achondroplastic Dwarfism: Long bones of limbs stop growing in childhood Other bones continue normal growth Short in stature but large head Failure of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to grow and enlarge Inadequate endochondral ossification

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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