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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 7 - The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Axial Skeleton do for Homeostasis?

A

Bones of Axial Skeleton protect body’s organs

Cranium surrounds Brain
Vertebrae surround Spinal Cord
Ribs surround Heart and Lungs

Bones also support storage and release of Calcium

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2
Q

What is the the 2 Types of Skeleton? And how many Bones are there in the body?

A

Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
206 Bones in body

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3
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A

80 Bones
Skull bones
Auditory Ossicles (SIM: Stapes, Incus, Malleus)
Hyoid bone
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum

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4
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126 Bones
Bones of upper and lower extremities
Bones forming Girdles (Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles) that connect limbs to Axial Skeleton

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5
Q

What is the Pelvic Girdle?

A

Hip bone
Also called Coxal bone, or Pelvic bone

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6
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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7
Q

What are the bones of the Axial Skeleton?

A
  • Skull:
    Cranium (8)
    Face (14)
  • Hyoid Bone (1)

-Auditory Ossicles (sim):
Stapes (2)
Incus (2)
Malleus (2)

  • Vertebral Column (26)
  • Thorax:
    Sternum (1)
    Ribs (24)

Total = 80 bones

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8
Q

What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral Girdles:
    Clavicle (2)
    Scapula (2)
  • Upper Limbs:
    Humerus (2)
    Ulna (2)
    Radius (2)
    Carpals (16)
    Metacarpals (10)
    Phalanges (28)
  • Pelvic Girdle:
    Hip or Pelvic or Coxal Bone (2)
  • Lower Limbs:
    Femur (2)
    Patella (2)
    Fibula (2)
    Tibia (2)
    Tarsals (14)
    Metatarsals (10)
    Phalanges (28)

Total = 126 bones

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9
Q

What are the 5 Shapes of Bone?

A

1- Long:
Greater in length than width

2- Short:
Cube shaped

3- Flat:
Thin layers of parallel plates

4- Irregular:
Complex shapes

5- Sesamoid:
Shaped like a sesame seed (ex: Patella)

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10
Q

What are bone Sutures? What are Sutural Bones?

A

Sutures:
Jointed areas where flat bone come together

Sutural Bones:
Small, extra bone plates located within sutures of cranial bones

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11
Q

What are Bone Surface Markings?

A

Bones have characteristic surface markings
Structural features adapted for specific functions

2 Major types:

1- Depressions and Openings:
Allow passage of soft tissue
Form joints

2- Processes:
Projections or outgrowths that form joints
Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

What are some Bone Surface Markings?

A

Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus
Condyle
Facet
Head
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous Process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity

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13
Q

What is a Fissure?

A

Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves

ex: Superior orbital fissure

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14
Q

What is a Foramen?

A

Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

ex: Foramen magnum

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15
Q

What is a Fossa?

A

Shallow depression

ex: Mandibular fossa

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16
Q

What is a Sulcus?

A

Furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or tendons

ex: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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17
Q

What is a Meatus?

A

Tubelike opening

ex: External auditory meatus

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18
Q

What is a Condyle?

A

Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

ex: Occipital condyle

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19
Q

What is a Facet?

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
(Area meant for articulation)

ex: Superior articular facet in vertebrae

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20
Q

What is a Head?

A

Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

ex: Head of clavicle

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21
Q

What is a Crest?

A

Prominent ridge or elongated process

ex: Median sacral crest

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22
Q

What is an Epicondyle?

A

Usually roughened projection on a condyle

ex: Medial epicondyle of femur

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23
Q

What is a Line?

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

ex: Superior nuchal line

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24
Q

What is a Spinal Process?

A

Sharp, slender projection

ex: Spinous process on vertebrae

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25
Q

What is a Trochanter?

A

Very large projection found only on the femur

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26
Q

What is a Tubercle?

A

Variably sized rounded projection

ex: Tubercle of rib

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27
Q

What is a Tuberosity?

A

Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surfaces

ex: Sacral tuberosity

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28
Q

What is the Skull made of?

A

Skull contains 22 bones
Not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears (Stapes, Incus, Malleus)

Associated with these bones are a number of processes, ridges, lines, depressions, and foramina

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29
Q

What is the Mandible?

A

Lower Jawbone
Largest and strongest facial bone
Other than Auditory Ossicles, it’s the only moveable skull bone

30
Q

What passes through Carotid Foramen?

A

Internal carotid artery
Sympathetic nerves for eyes

31
Q

What passes through Hypoglossal Canal?

A

Hypoglossal (XII) nerve
Branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

32
Q

What passes through Infraorbital Foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve and blood vessels
Branch of maxillary division of Trigeminal (V) nerve

33
Q

What passes through Jugular Foramen?

A

Internal jugular vein
Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
Vagus (X) nerve
Accessory (XI) nerve

34
Q

What passes through Foramen Lacerum?

A

Branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

35
Q

What passes through Foramen Magnum?

A

Medulla Oblongata and its membranes (meninges)
Accessory (XI) nerve
Vertebral and spinal arteries

36
Q

What passes through Mandibular Foramen?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels

37
Q

What passes through Mastoid Foramen?

A

Emissary vein to transverse sinus
Branch of occipital artery to Dura Mater

38
Q

What passes through Mental Foramen?

A

Mental nerve and vessels

39
Q

What passes through Olfactory Foramen?

A

Olfactory (I) nerve

40
Q

What passes through Optic Foramen?

A

Optic (II) nerve
Ophthalmic artery

41
Q

What passes through Foramen Ovale?

A

Mandibular branch of Trigeminal (V) nerve

42
Q

What passes through Foramen Rotundum?

A

Maxillary branch of Trigeminal (V) nerve

43
Q

What passes through Stylomastoid Foramen?

A

Facial (VII) nerve
Stylomastoid artery

44
Q

What passes through Supraorbital Foramen?

A

Supraorbital nerve and artery

45
Q

What are Sutures of the Skull?

A

A suture is an immoveable joint
Found in skull holding bones such as temporal and parietal bones together

Coronal Suture
Sagittal (Parietal) Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Squamous Suture

46
Q

What are Paranasal Sinuses of the Skull?

A

Paranasal Sinuses: mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, axillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Used as resonating chambers to enhance voice
Increase surface area of nasal mucosa and help moisten as well

47
Q

What are Fontanels of the Skull?

A

Fontanels: Areas of a fetus/baby where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue
They close up through intramembranous ossification by age 2

Anterior Fontanel: Future Coronal Suture
Posterior Fontanel: Future Lambdoid Suture
Anterolateral and Posterolateral Fontanels: Future Squamous Suture

48
Q

What is the Hyoid Bone?

A

Does not articulate with any other bone
Supports tongue and provides attachment site for some muscles of neck and pharynx

49
Q

What is the Vertebral Column?

A

Spinal Column, Backbone, Spine
Composed of 26 vertebrae divided into 5 regions
Protects Spinal Cord

Vertebrae from each region have unique structures that help identify which type they are

50
Q

What are the 5 regions of the Vertebral Column?

A

Cervical Vertebrae - 7
Thoracic Vertebrae - 12
Lumbar Vertebrae - 5
Sacrum - 1 (5 joint together)
Coccyx - 1 (4-5 joint together)

51
Q

What are the 4 Curves of the Vertebral Column?

A

2 Primary curves (Thoracic and Sacral curves)
2 Secondary curves (Cervical and Lumbar curves)

Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve

Fetus has C-shaped vertebral column
Adult has left-C, C, left-C, C

52
Q

What are Intervertebral Discs?

A

Located between bodies of vertebrae from 2nd cervical to sacrum

Composed of:
Outer ring of Fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus)
Inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus)
Layer of Hyaline cartilage on top and bottom of each disc

Absorb shock and separate vertebrae from one another

53
Q

What are Cervical Vertebrae?

A

C1 - Atlas
C2 - Axis
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7 - Vertebra Prominens

54
Q

What are Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

Support ribs and have special structures for rib head and tubercle attachment

T1: Smallest
T2-T8: Medium
T9-T12: Largest

55
Q

What are Lumbar Vertebrae?

A

Largest and strongest vertebrae
No special structures that are specifically associated with lumbar vertebrae

56
Q

What are the Sizes, Foramina, and Spinous Processes for Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae?

A

1- Size:
Cervical: Small
Thoracic: Larger
Lumbar: Largest

2- Foramina:
Cervical: 1 vertebral foramen and 2 transverse foramina
Thoracic: 1 vertebral foramen
Lumbar: 1 vertebral foramen

3- Spinous Processes:
Cervical: Slender, often bifid from C2-C6
Thoracic: Long, thick, inferiorly
Lumbar: Short, blunt, posteriorly

57
Q

What are the Sacrum and Coccyx?

A

Sacrum:
Triangular shaped part of pelvic girdle
Composed of 5 vertebrae that fuse

Coccyx:
Much smaller than Sacrum
Also triangular shaped
Composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse

58
Q

What is the Thorax?

A

Thorax is entire chest region
Bones that compose thoracic cage are Sternum, Ribs, and Costal Cartilage

True Ribs: 1-7
False Ribs: 8-10
Floating Ribs: 11-12

59
Q

What is the Sternum?

A

Composed of 3 segments:

1- Manubrium
2- Body
3- Xiphoid Process

Sternum articulates with clavicles and costal cartilage

60
Q

What are Ribs?

A

12 pairs
Provide structural support to thoracic cavity

True Ribs: 1-7
Their cartilage directly connected to sternum

False Ribs: 8-10
Cartilage indirectly connected to sternum

Floating Ribs: 11-12
Not connected to sternum

61
Q

What is a Herniated Disc?

A

May occur due to trauma or sometimes is simply associated with aging

62
Q

What are Disorders to Curves of Spinal Column?

A

Scoliosis:
Increased lateral curvature

Kyphosis:
Increased thoracic curve - bent forward

Lordosis:
Increased lumbar curve - bent backwards

63
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

Spina Bifida is a congenital defect of vertebral column
Laminae do not develop normally

Degree of deformity vary from:
Minor: Spina Bifida Occulta
Severe: Spina Bifida with Meningomyelocele

64
Q

What is Bone Marrow?

A

Bone Marrow is a soft connective tissue of bone
2 Types:
Red Bone Marrow
Yellow Bone Marrow

65
Q

What is Red Bone Marrow?

A

Hemopoietic:
Produce RBC

Reticular connective tissue
Immature blood cells
Fat

Children:
Located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones

Adults:
Located only in certain bones of Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Ossa Coxae
Proximal Epiphysis of Humerus and Femur

66
Q

What is Yellow Bone Marrow?

A

Product of Red Bone Marrow degeneration as children mature
Fatty substance

May convert back to Red Bone Marrow during:
Severe Anemia
Facilitates production of additional Erythrocytes

67
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage? What is its composition?

A

Embedded in gel-like substance
Includes Proteoglycans but no Calcium
Resilient and flexible
High water percentage
Highly compressible and shock absorber
Avascular, and no nerves

Composition:
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
Perichondrium

68
Q

What is a Chondroblast?

A

Hyaline cartilage cell
Produce cartilage matrix

69
Q

What is a Chondrocyte?

A

Hyaline cartilage cell
Chondroblast encased within matrix
Occupy Lacunae
Maintain matrix

70
Q

What is the Perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Covers cartilage
Helps maintain its shape

71
Q

What is Cartilage Growth?

A

Begins during embryological development

2 Types:

1- Interstitial Growth:
Grows in length
Within internal regions of cartilage
Declines as cartilage matures

2- Appositional Growth:
Grows in width
Outside cartilage’s outside edge

Growth stops when cartilage fully mature, unless injury

72
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A

Abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone

Most common - Achondroplastic Dwarfism:
Long bones of limbs stop growing in childhood
Other bones continue normal growth

Short in stature but large head
Failure of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate to grow and enlarge
Inadequate endochondral ossification

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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