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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 24 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Organs of the Digestive System?

A

1- Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Contains Teeth and Tongue

2- Parotid Gland (Salivary Gland)

3-Sublingual Gland (Salivary Gland)

4- Submandibular Gland (Salivary Gland)

5- Pharynx

6- Esophagus

7- Liver

8- Gallbladder

9- Stomach

10- Pancreas

11- Duodenum

12- Jejunum

13- Ileum

14- Cecum

15- Appendix

16- Ascending Colon

17- Transverse Colon

18- Descending Colon

19- Sigmoid Colon

20- Rectum

21- Anal Canal

22- Anus

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2
Q

What are Named Portions of the GI Tract?

A

1- Esophagus
2- Stomach
3- Small Intestine
4- Large Intestine
5- Rectum

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3
Q

What are Accessory Structures of the GI Tract?

A

1- Teeth
2- Tongue
3- Salivary Glands (Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular)
4- Liver
5- Gallbladder
6- Pancreas

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4
Q

What are the 6 Basic Processes in Digestion?

A

1- Ingestion
2- Secretion
3- Motility
4- Digestion
5- Absorption
6- Defecation

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5
Q

What are the Layers of the GI Tract?

A

From deep to superficial:

1- Mucosa:
Lumen
Epithelium (with Glands in Mucosa)
Lamina Propria (has MALT)
Muscularis Mucosae
Ducts of Glands outside GI Tract (Like from Pancreas)

2- Submucosa:
Glands in Submucosa
Submucosal Plexus (Plexus of Meissner)

3- Muscularis:
Circular Muscle
Longitudinal Muscle
Myenteric Plexus (Plexus of Auerbach)

4- Serosa:
Areolar Connective Tissue
Epithelium
Arteries
Nerves
Veins
Mesentery

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6
Q

What is Enteric Nervous System?

A

For Digestion:

1- Submucosal Plexus
2- Myenteric Plexus

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7
Q

What is ANS for Gut?

A

1- Parasympathetic:
Relaxed
Energy on food

2- Sympathetic:
Fight-or-flight
Energy on something else

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8
Q

What is GI Reflex Pathway?

A

GI Reflex Pathways regulate GI secretion and motility in response to stimuli within the GI Tract

1- Mucosal Epithelium send nerve impulse to ANS, CNS, and Enteric Nervous System

2- In Enteric Nervous System, Submucosal Plexus sends sensory nerve impulse to Myenteric Plexus and motor nerve impulse back to Mucosal Epithelium

3- In Enteric Nervous System, Myenteric Plexus sends motor nerve impulse to Longitudinal and Circular smooth muscle layers of Muscularis

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9
Q

What is Peritoneum?

A

Peritoneum:
Largest serous membrane in body

1- Lesser Omentum:
Posteroinferior to Liver
Posterosuperior to Stomach
Connects Liver and Stomach

2- Mesocolon:
Inferior to Pancreas and Stomach
Posterosuperior to Transverse Colon
Holds Pancreas to Transverse Colon

3- Mesentery:
Between Duodenum and Jejunum
Holds Duodenum to Jejunum

4- Greater Omentum:
Anterior to most GI Tract
Connected to Stomach and Transverse Colon

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10
Q

What is the Mouth?

A

Mouth:
Formed by Cheeks, Hard Palate, Soft Palate

1- Superior Labial Frenulum:
Attaches superior lip to gum

2- Gingivae:
Gums
Cover tooth sockets
Help anchor teeth

3- Hard Palate:
Bony
Forms most of the roof of the mouth

4- Soft Palate:
Muscular
Forms the rest of the mouth’s roof

5- Uvula:
Prevents swallowed food from entering Nasal Cavity

6- Fauces:
Opening between Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

7- Tongue:
Forms floor of mouth
Manipulates food for chewing and swallowing
Shapes food
Senses taste

8- Lingual Frenulum:
Limits movements of Tongue posteriorly

9- Inferior Labial Frenulum:
Attaches inferior lip to gum

10- Cheek:
Forms lateral wall of Oral Cavity

11- Molars:
3 Last teeth on each side (12 total)
Grind food

12- Premolars:
2 Teeth on each side (8 total)
Crush and grind food

13- Canines
1 Tooth on each side (4 total)
Tears food

14- Incisors:
4 Teeth up and down (8 total)
Cut food

15- Oral Vestibule:
Space between Cheeks, Lips, Gums, and Teeth

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11
Q

What are Salivary Glands?

A

Salivary Glands:
Outside mouth
Empty contents into ducts which deliver saliva to Oral Cavity

3 Pairs:
1- Parotids Glands
2- Submandibular Glands
3- Sublingual Glands

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12
Q

What is the Tongue?

A

Together with associated muscles, forms floor of Oral Cavity
Composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
Participates in chewing, swallowing, and speech
Upper and Lateral surfaces on Tongue are covered with Papillae, some of which contain Taste Buds

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13
Q

What are Teeth?

A

Teeth:
Project into mouth and adapted for mechanical digestion

From Superficial to Deep:

a- Crown:

1- Enamel:
Made of calcium salts
Protects the tooth from wear and tear

2- Dentin:
Calcified connective tissue
Makes majority of tooth

b- Neck:

1- Gingival Sulcus

2- Gingiva

3- Pulp Cavity:
Contains Pulp (connective tissues containing nerves and blood vessels)

c- Root:

1- Pulp Cavity

2- Cementum:
Bone-like substance that attaches Root to Periodontal Ligament

3- Root Canal:
Extension of the Pulp Cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

4- Alveolar Bone

5- Periodontal Ligament:
Helps anchor tooth to underlying bone

6- Apical Foramen:
Opening at base of a Root Canal through which blood vessels, Lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the tooth

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14
Q

What is Mechanical Digestion in Mouth?

A

Chewing mixes food with saliva and forms Bolus which is easily swallowed

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15
Q

What is Chemical Digestion in Mouth?

A

Salivary Amylase converts polysaccharides to disaccharides

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16
Q

What does Cheek and Lips do?

A

Keep food between teeth

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17
Q

What does Salivary Glands do?

A

Secrete Saliva

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18
Q

What does Extrinsic Tongue Muscles do?

A

Move tongue from side to side and in and out

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19
Q

What does Intrinsic Tongue Muscles do?

A

Alter shape of tongue

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20
Q

What does Taste Buds do?

A

Serve as receptors for Gustation and presence of food in mouth

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21
Q

What does Lingual Glands do?

A

Secrete Lingual Lipase
Breaks down Triglycerides into fatty acids and Diglycerides

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22
Q

What does Teeth do?

A

Cut, tear, and pulverize food

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23
Q

What is Pharynx?

A

Pharynx:
Funnel-shaped tube that extends from Internal Nares to Esophagus posteriorly and to Larynx anteriorly

Composed of skeletal muscles and lined with mucous membrane

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24
Q

What is Esophagus?

A

Esophagus:
Collapsible, muscular tube that lies posterior to Trachea and connects Pharynx to Stomach

1- Lumen of Esophagus

2- Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

2- Submucosa

3- Muscularis:
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer

4- Adventitia

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25
What is Deglutition?
1- Tongue shapes the chewed, lubricated food (Bolus) and moves it to the back of the mouth cavity 2- Tongue rises against the Palate and closes the Nasopharynx 3- Uvula and Palate seal off the Nasal Cavity 4- Epiglottis covers the Trachea Breathing is temporarily interrupted
26
What is Stomach?
J-shaped enlargement of GI Tract Esophagus goes to Stomach 1- Esophageal Sphincter 2- Cardia 3- Body 4- Pyloric Antrum 5- Pyloric Canal 6- Pyloric Sphincter 7- Pylorus 8- Duodenum Fundus: Top part of Stomach Lesser Curvature: Top part Greater Curvature: Bottom part Serosa Muscularis: 1- Longitudinal layer 2- Circular layer 3- Oblique layer Rugae of Mucosa
27
What are the Functions of the Stomach?
1- Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form Chyme 2- Serve as reservoir for food before release into Small Intestine 3- Secrete gastric juice, which contains HCL, Pepsin, Intrinsic Factor, and Gastric Lipase 4- Secretes Gastrin into blood
28
What are the Cells of the Stomach?
1- Surface Mucous Cell: Secretes mucus 2- Mucous Neck Cell: Secretes mucus 3- Parietal Cell: Secretes HCL - Kills microbes in food, denatures proteins, converts Pepsinogen inti Pepsin Secretes Intrinsic Factor - Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 for Erythropoiesis 4- Chief Cell: Secretes Pepsinogen - Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides Secretes Gastric Lipase - Splits Triglycerides into fatty acids and Monoglycerides 5- G Cell: Secretes the hormone Gastrin - Stimulates Parietal Cells to secrete HCL and Chief Cells to secrete Pepsinogen, and increase motility of stomach, and relaxes Pyloric Sphincter
29
What is Pancreas?
Pancreas is a Gland that: Lies posteriorly to Stomach Produce enzymes that digest carbs, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids Produces Sodium Bicarbonate which buffers Stomach Acid Empties its contents into the Duodenum Head Body Tail Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung) Common Bile Duct Major Duodenal Papilla
30
What is Liver and Gallbladder?
Liver: Makes Bile, which is important in the emulsification of fats Right Lobe Left Lobe Right Hepatic Duct Left Hepatic Duct Common Hepatic Duct Gallbladder: Stores Bile until it is needed Fundus Body Neck Cystic Duct Right and Left Hepatic Ducts merge into Common Hepatic Duct Common Hepatic Duct and Cystic Duct merge into Common Bile Duct Common Bile Duct merges with Pancreatic Duct into Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater) and goes inot Duodenum
31
What is Histology of Liver?
Liver composed of: Hepatocytes Bile Canaliculi Hepatic Sinusoids 1- Portal Triad: Bile Duct Branch of Hepatic Artery Branch of Hepatic Portal Vein 2- Central Vein 3- Bile Canaliculi: (Canals leading to Bile Duct from between Hepatic Laminae) 4- Hepatocytes 5- Hepatic Laminae: (Rooms for Hepatocytes) 6- Hepatic Sinusoids: (Between Hepatic Laminae) 7- Stellate Reticuloendothelial Cell (Kupffer Cell) 8- Connective Tissue
32
What is Blood Supply of the Liver?
1- Oxygenated blood from Hepatic Artery Nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood form Hepatic Portal Vein 2- Hepatic Sinusoids 3- Central Vein 4- Hepatic Vein 5- Inferior Vena Cava 6- Right Atrium
33
What is Functions of Liver and Gallbladder?
1- Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism 2- Processing of drugs and hormones 3- Bilirubin excretion 4- Bile Salts synthesis 5- Storage 6- Phagocytosis 7- Vitamin D activation
34
What is Small Intestine?
Small Intestine: Majority of Digestion and Absorption occurs in Small Intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
35
What is Functions of Small Intestine?
1- Segmentations mix Chyme with Digestive Juices and brings food into contact with Mucosa for Absorption Peristalsis propels Chyme through Small Intestine 2- Completes Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids Begins and completes digestion of nucleic acids 3- Absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water that pass through Digestive System
36
What is Circular Folds in Small Intestine?
Circular Folds: Plicae Circulares Increase surface area for digestion and absorption
37
What is Histology of Small Intestine?
1- Serosa 2- Muscularis: Longitudinal layer Myenteric Plexus Circular layer 3- Submucosa: Lymphatic vessel Arteriole Venule 4- Mucosa: Muscularis Mucosae Lamina Propria Lymphatic Nodule Paneth Cell Opening of Intestinal Gland Enteroendocrine Cell Lacteal Goblet Cell Blood Capillaries Villi Absorptive Cell (with Microvilli)
38
What are Cells of Small Intestine?
1- Paneth Cell: Secretes Lysozyme Capable of Phagocytosis 2- Enteroendocrine Cell: Secrete the hormone Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), or GIP 3- Goblet Cell: Secrete Mucus 4- Absorptive Cell: Digests and absorbs nutrients
39
What is Intestinal Juice and Brush Border Enzymes?
Intestinal Juice: Provides a vehicle for absorption of substances from Chyme as they come in contact with the Villi Brush Border Enzymes: Found on surfaces of the Microvilli of Absorptive Cells Break down food products
40
What is Mechanical Digestion in Small Intestine?
1- Segmentation: Localized contractions 2- Peristalsis: Propulsive contractions
41
What is Chemical Digestion in Small Intestine?
Digestion of: Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
42
What is Activity of Pancreas?
Deliver pancreatic juice into Duodenum via Pancreatic Duct to assist absorption
43
What is Activity of Liver?
Produce Bile (Bile Salts) necessary for emulsification and absorption of lipids
44
What is Activity of Gallbladder?
Store, concentrate, and deliver Bile into Duodenum via Common Bile Duct
45
What is Activity of Small Intestine?
Major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water in GIT
46
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Intestinal Glands?
Secrete intestinal juice to assist absorption
47
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Absorptive Cells?
Digest and absorb nutrients
48
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Goblet Cells?
Secrete Mucus
49
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Enteroendocrine Cells?
Secrete: 1- Secretin 2- Cholecystokinin (CCK) 3- Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)
50
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Paneth Cells?
Secrete Lysozyme (bacterial enzyme) Phagocytosis
51
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Duodenal Glands (Brunner's Glands)?
Secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids and mucus for protection and lubrication
52
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Circular Folds?
Folds of Mucosa and Submucosa that increase surface area for digestion and absorption
53
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Villi?
Fingerlike projections of Mucosa that are sites of absorption of digested food Increase surface area for digestion and absorption
54
What is Activity of Mucosa/Submucosa's Microvilli?
Microscopic, membrane-covered projections of Absorptive Epithelial Cells that contain Brush-Border Enzymes Increase surface area for digestion and absorption
55
What is Activity of Segmentation?
Type of Peristalsis Alternating contractions of Circular smooth muscle fibers that produce segmentation and resegmentation of sections of Small Intestine Mixes Chyme with Digestive Juices Brings food into contact with Mucosa for absorption
56
What is Activity of Migrating Motility Complex (MMC)?
Type of Peristalsis: Waves of contractions and relaxation of Circular and Longitudinal Smooth muscle fibers passing the length of Small Intestine Moves Chyme towards Ileocecal Sphincter
57
What is Activity of Salivary Amylase?
Source: Salivary Glands Substrate: Starches (polysaccharides) Products: Maltose (disaccharide) Maltotriose (trisaccharide Alpha-Dextrin
58
What is Activity of Lingual Lipase?
Source: Lingual Glands in Tongue Substrate: Triglycerides (fats and oils) Other lipids Products: Fatty acids Diglycerides
59
What is Activity of Pepsin?
(Activated from Pepsinogen by Pepsin and HCL) Source: Stomach Chief Cells Substrate: Proteins Products: Peptides
60
What is Activity of Gastric Lipase?
Source: Stomach Chief Cells Substrates: Triglycerides Products: Fatty acids Monoglycerides
61
What is Activity of Pancreatic Amylase?
Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Starches (polysaccharides) Products: Maltose (disaccharide) Maltotriose (trisaccharide) Alpha-Dextrin
62
What is Activity of Trypsin?
(Activated from Trypsinogen by Enterokinase) Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Proteins Products: Peptides
63
What is Activity of Chymotrypsin?
(Activated from Chymotrypsinogen by Trypsin) Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Proteins Products: Peptides
64
What is Activity of Elastase?
(Activated from Proelastase by Trypsin) Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Proteins Products: Peptides
65
What is Activity of Carboxypeptidase?
(Activated from Procarboxypeptidase by Trypsin (Activated from Procarbcurypeptidase by Trypsin) Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Amino acids at Carboxyl end of peptides Products: Amino acids Peptides
66
What is Activity of Pancreatic Lipase?
Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: Triglycerides that have been emulsified by Bile Salts Products: Fatty acids Monoglycerides
67
What is Activity of Ribonuclease?
Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: RNA Products: Nucleotides
68
What is Activity of Deoxyrybonuclease?
Source: Pancreatic Acinar Cells Substrates: DNA Products: Nucleotides
69
What is Activity of Brush-Border Enzymes of Microvilli Alpha-Dextrinase?
Source: SI Substrate: Alpha-Dextrin Products: Glucose
70
What is Activity of Brush-Border Enzymes of Microvilli Maltase?
Source: SI Substrates: Maltose Products: Glucose
71
What is Activity of Brush-Border Enzymes of Microvilli Sucrase?
Source: SI Substrates: Sucrose Products: Glucose Fructose
72
What is Activity of Brush-Border Enzymes of Microvilli Lactase?
Source: SI Substrates: Lactose Products: Glucose Galactose
73
What is Activity of Brush-Border Enzymes of Microvilli Enterokinase?
Source: SI Substrates: Trypsinogen Products: Trypsin
74
What is Activity of Aminopeptidase?
Source: SI Substrates: Amino acids at Amino ends of peptides Products: Amino Acids Peptides
75
What is Activity of Dipeptidase?
Source: SI Substrates: Dipeptides Products: Amino Acids
76
What is Activity of Nucleosidase and Phosphatase?
Source: SI Substrates: Nucleotides Products: Nitrogenous Bases Pentose Phosphates
77
What is Activity of Lacteal?
1- Micelle in Lumen of SI 2- Micelle broken into 2 parts: Large-chain and short-chain fatty acids Monoglycerides 3- Simple diffusion into Absorptive Cell of Villus: Inside they become Triglyceride engulfed by Chylomicron 4- Chylomicron goes to Lacteal of a Villus 5- Go to Thoracic Duct 6- Go to junction of Left Internal Jugular and Left Subclavian Veins
78
What is Anatomy of Large Intestine?
From Small Intestine's Ileum: 1- Vermiform Appendix Mesoappendix connecting Ileum and Vermiform Appendix 2- Cecum 3- Ileocecal Sphincter (Valve) 4- Ascending Colon: Has Teniae Coli on it All parts of Colon made of Haustra (bulbs of the colon) 5- Right Colic Flexure (Hepatic) 6- Transverse Colon 7- Left Colic Flexure (Splenic) 8- Descending Colon: Has Omental Appendices on it 9- Sigmoid Colon 10- Rectum 11- Anal Canal: External Anal Sphincter (voluntary) Internal Anal Sphincter (involuntary) Anal Column 12- Anus
79
What is Functions of Colon?
Functions of Colon: 1- Haustral churning, Peristalsis, and Mass Peristalsis drive contents of Colon into Rectum 2- Bacteria in Colon converts proteins into amino acids, break down amino acids, and produce some B Vitamins 3- Absorption of some water, ions, and Vitamins 4- Formation of feces 5- Defecation
80
What is Histology of Colon?
1- Serosa 2- Muscularis: Longitudinal layer Myenteric Plexus Circular layer 3- Submucosa: Venule Arteriole Lymphatic vessel 4- Mucosa: Muscularis Mucosae Lymphatic Nodules Lamina Propria Intestinal Glands Goblet Cells Absorptive Cells Openings of Intestinal Glands 5- Lumen of Large Intestine
81
What is Glands and Cell Types of Colon?
1- Goblet Cells: Secrete Mucus 2- Absorptive Cells: Has Microvilli Absorb water
82
What is Mechanical Digestion in Colon?
1- Haustral Churning: Distention reaches a certain point and walls of the Haustra contract to squeeze contents onwards 2- Peristalsis: Propulsive contractions 3- Mass Peristalsis: Strong Peristaltic wave that begins in Transverse Colon and quickly drives the contents of the Colon into the Rectum
83
What is Chemical Digestion in Colon?
The last stages of digestion occur through bacterial action: Substances are further broken down by bacteria Some vitamins are synthesized by bacterial action
84
What is Absorption and Feces Formation?
1- Absorption: Colon absorbs water, electrolytes, and some Vitamins 2- Feces: Consist of water, inorganic salts, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and undigested portions of food
85
What is Defecation Reflex?
Rectal wall distends and Stretch Receptors send sensory nerve impulses to the Sacral Spinal Cord Motor impulses travel back to the Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, and Anus Longitudinal Rectal muscles contract and the Internal Anal Sphincter opens
86
What is Activity and Function of Large Intestine's Lumen?
Activity: Bacterial activity Function: Breaks down undigested carbs, proteins, and amino acids into products that can be expelled in feces or absorbed and detoxified by Liver Synthesize certain B Vitamins and Vitamin K
87
What is Activity and Function of Large Intestine's Mucosa?
Activity: 1- Secrete Mucus 2- Absorption Function: 1- Lubricate Colon Protects Mucosa 2- Water absorption solidifies feces and contributes to body's water balance Solutes absorbed include ions and some vitamins
88
What is Activity and Function of Large Intestine's Muscularis?
Activity: 1- Haustral Churning 2- Peristalsis 3- Mass Peristalsis 4- Defecation Reflex Function: 1- Moves contents from Haustrum to Haustrum by muscular contractions 2- Moves contents along length of Colon by contractions of Circular and Longitudinal muscles 3- Forces contents into Sigmoid Colon and Rectum 4- Eliminates feces by contractions in Sigmoid Colon and Rectum
89
What are the Phases of Digestion?
1- Cephalic Phase: Stimulates Gastric secretions and motility 2- Gastric Phase: Neural and hormonal mechanisms 3- Intestinal Phase: Neural and hormonal mechanisms
90
What is the Negative Feedback Loop for Gastric Juice pH and Gastric Motility?
1- Food enters Stomach 2- Increased pH of Gastric Juice Increased distention of Stomach walls 3- Chemoreceptors and Stretch Receptors in Stomach detect pH increase and distention and send nerve impulses to Submucosal Plexus 4- Submucosal Plexus sends Parasympathetic nerve impulses to both Parietal Cells and Smooth Muscle in Stomach Walls 5- Parietal Cells secrete HCL, and Smooth Muscle contracts more vigorously 6- Increase in acidity of Stomach Chyme, mixing of Stomach contents, emptying of Stomach
91
What is the Stimulus, Site of Secretion, and Actions of the Major Hormone Gastrin?
1- Stimulus: Distention of Stomach, partially digested proteins and caffeine in Stomach, and high pH of Stomach Chyme stimulate Gastrin secretion by Enteroendocrine G Cells 2- Location: Enteroendocrine G Cells located mainly in Mucosa of Pyloric Antrum of Stomach 3- Major Effects: Promotes secretion of gastric juice Increases gastric motility Promotes growth of Gastric Mucosa 4- Minor Effects: Constricts Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxes Pyloric Sphincter
92
What is the Stimulus, Site of Secretion, and Actions of the Major Hormone Secretin?
1- Stimulus: Acidic Chyme (High H+ level) that enters Small Intestine stimulates secretion of Secretin by Enteroendocrine S Cells 2- Location: Enteroendocrine S Cells in Mucosa of Duodenum 3- Major Effects: Stimulates secretion of Pancreatic juice and Bile that are rich in Bicarbonate ions (HCO3) 4- Minor Effects: Inhibits secretion of Gastric Juice Promotes normal growth and maintenance of Pancreas Enhances effects of CCK
93
What is the Stimulus, Site of Secretion, and Actions of the Major Hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
1- Stimulus: Partially digested proteins (amino acids), Triglycerides, and fatty acids that enter the Small Intestine stimulate secretion of CCK by Enteroendocrine CCK Cells 2- Location: Enteroendocrine CCK Cells in Mucosa of Small Intestine Also released in Brain 3- Major Effects: Stimulates secretion of Pancreatic Juice rich in Digestive Enzymes Causes ejection of Bile from Gallbladder and Opening of Sphincter of the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi) Induces satiety 4- Minor Effects: Inhibits Gastric emptying Promotes normal growth and maintenance of Pancreas Enhances effects of Secretin
94
How does Aging affect Digestive System?
Aging results in: 1- Decreased secretory mechanisms and motility 2- Loos of strength and tone of digestive muscular tissue 3- Changes in Neurosecretory feedback 4- Diminished response to pain and internal sensations
95
What are some Digestive System Disorders?
Tooth decay Periodontal diseases Ulcers Diverticula Tumors Hepatitis Anorexia Nervosa

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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