Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 28 - The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Scrotum?

A

A sac of loose skin underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the Testes

Internally, it is separated into 2 compartments by the Dartos Muscle and a Subcutaneous Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Testes?

A

Paired, oval glands in the Scrotum partially covered by the Tunica Vaginalis

Internal to Tunica Vaginalis is a connective tissue capsule, the Tunica Albuginea that extends inwards to form Septa that create compartments

Seminiferous Tubules carry sperm produced within them (Spermatogenesis) out of the Testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A

Begins with Spermatogonia:
Diploid Stem Cells that differentiate into Diploid Primary Spermatocytes

Spermatogenic Cells:
1- Spermatogonium (2n) (stem cell):
Undergo Mitosis, some remain as Stem Cells (2n), others pushed away from Basement Membrane and differentiate into Primary Spermatocyte (2n)

2- Primary Spermatocyte (2n):
Undergoes Meiosis I to become 2 Secondary Spermatocytes (n)

3- Secondary Spermatocyte (n):
Undergoes Meiosis II to become 4 Spermatids (n)

4- Spermatid (n):
Undergoes Spermiogenesis and becomes 4 Spermatozoa (n)

5- Sperm Cell or Spermatozoon (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Sperm?

A

Designed to reach and penetrate the Secondary Oocyte in order to achieve fertilization and create a Zygote

1- Head:
Consists of a Nucleus with 23 Chromosomes

2- Acrosome:
Covers Head and contains enzymes to help with penetration

3- Neck:
Contains Centrioles that form the Microtubules that make up the rest of the Tail

4- Middle Piece:
Contain Mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of the Sperm

5- Principal Piece and End Piece:
Make up the Tail used for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Hormones that Control Testicular Function?

A

At puberty:

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH):
Stimulate cells in Anterior Pituitary Gland to produce:

1- Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
Stimulates cells in Testes to produce Testosterone

2- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Stimulates Spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone?

A

Produce several Effects:
1- Prenatal Development
2- Development of Male Sexual Characteristics
3- Development of sexual function
4- Stimulation of Anabolism

Negative Feedback Loop controls blood level of Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Negative Feedback Loop for Increased Blood Testosterone?

A

1- Increased blood level of Testosterone

2- Cells in Hypothalamus that secrete GnRH decrease GnRH in portal blood

3- Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs decrease LH in systemic blood

4- Interstitial Cells in Testes (Leydig Cells) secrete less Testosterone

5- Decrease blood level of Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is The System of Ducts in Male Reproductive System?

A

1- Sperm and fluid travel from the:
Seminiferous Tubules
To Straight Tubules
Then to a network of Ducts, The Rete Testis

2- Efferent Ducts carry the sperm to the Epididymis:
Sperm mature in the Epididymis
Degenerated sperm are reabsorbed
Epididymis propels sperm into the Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

3- Vas Deferens:
Exits the Tail of the Epididymis
Ascends through Spermatic Cord into Pelvis
Loops over the Ureter
Passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the Urinary Bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Spermatic Cord?

A

Spermatic Cord:

1- Ascends out of the Scrotum

2- Contains Vas Deferens, Testicular Artery, Veins draining the Testes, Autonomic Nerves, Lymphatic vessels, and the Cremaster muscle

3- Spermatic Cord and Ilioinguinal Nerve pass through the Inguinal Canal which originates at the Deep Inguinal Ring and ends at the Superficial Inguinal Ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Ejaculatory Duct?

A

Ejaculatory Duct:
Arises from the junction of the Duct from the Seminal Vesicle and the Ampulla of the Vas Deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Urethra in Males?

A

Urethra:
Duct shared by Reproductive and Urinary Systems
Both semen and urine pass through the Urethra

1- Prostatic Urethra:
Urethra passes through the Prostate Gland

2- Intermediate Urethra (Membranous Urethra):
Passes through Deep muscles of the Perineum
Surrounded by Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Gland)

3- Spongy Urethra:
Passes through the penis till the External Urethral Orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System?

A

1- Seminal Vesicles (Glands)
2- Prostate Gland
3- Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Seminal Vesicles (Glands)?

A

Secrete an Alkaline, viscous fluid containing:
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Prostate?

A

Single, donut-shaped Gland
Secretes milky acidic fluid containing:
Citric Acid
Proteolytic enzymes
Acid Phosphatase
Seminalplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)?

A

Secrete alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine
And mucus for lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Semen?

A

Mixture of Sperm and Seminal Fluids
Volume of an average ejaculation: 2.5 - 5mL with 50 - 150M sperm/mL
pH: 7.2 - 7.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Penis?

A

Contains Urethra
Is a passageway for semen and urine

Composed of 3 Cylindrical Masses:
1- Corpus Spongiosum

2- Two Corpora Cavernosa

3- Glans:
Head of penis covered by Prepuce (foreskin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an Erection?

A

Erection:
Brought by Parasympathetic Innervation leading to Vasodilation of Arterioles in Erectile Tissue

1- Large amounts of blood enter the tissue into dilated blood sinuses

2- Ejaculation is the powerful release of semen due to Sympathetic stimulation

3- Bulbospongiosus, Ischiocavernosus, and Superficial Transverse Perineal muscles contract to force the semen out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Mechanisms of Male Erection?

A

Mechanism:
1- Sight, thoughts, smells, sounds send nerve impulses to Hypothalamus and Limbic System

2- Stimulation of Mechanoreceptors in penis send sensory neuron nerve impulse to Brain and Sacral Spinal Cord

3- Hypothalamus and Limbic System send Descending inputs from brain to Sacral Spinal Cord

4- Nerve impulses sent to Interneuron in Sacral Spinal Cord

5- Nerve impulses sent to Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neuron then Autonomic Ganglion, then Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neuron, all to the erectile tissue of penis

6- Penile arterioles dilate, and penile veins compressed

7- Penis becomes erect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Ovaries?

A

Ovaries:
Paired Glands homologous to Testes
Produce Gametes (mature into Ova)

They are supported by the :
Broad Ligament
Ovarian Ligament
Suspensory Ligament

Produce Hormones:
Progesterone
Estrogens
Inhibin
Relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Histology of Ovaries?

A

Ovaries consist of:

1- Germinal Epithelium:
Covers surface of the Ovary

2- Tunica Albuginea:
Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
Below the Germinal Epithelium

3- Ovarian Cortex:
Below the Tunica Albuginea
Consists of Ovarian Follicles and Stromal Cells

4- Ovarian Medulla:
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Ovarian Follicles?

A

Ovarian Follicles:
Contain Oocytes in various stages of development
Follicular Cells
Granulosa Cells

Mature Follicle (Graafian Follicle):
Ready to rupture and expel the Secondary Oocyte

Corpus Luteum:
Develops after ovulation when the empty follicle produces Progesterone, Estrogens, Inhibin, and Relaxin

Stages:
1- Primordial Follicle
2- Primary Follicle
3- Secondary Follicle
4- Mature (Graafian) Follicle:
Contains Follicular fluid
5- Corpus Hemorrhagicum:
Ruptured follicle
Discharge Secondary Oocyte (ovulation) surrounded by Corona Radiata
6- Corpus Luteum:
With blood clot at center
7- Degenerating Corpus Luteum
8- Corpus Albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

Oogenesis:
Formation of Gametes in Ovaries

1- Begins before a female is born with the process of Meiosis

2- When Primordial Germ Cells migrate from the Yolk Sac to the Ovaries during Fetal Development, they differentiate into Oogonia

3- Oogonia divide into Germ Cells, some of which become Primary Oocytes

23
Q

What Happens after Puberty in Females?

A

Each month after puberty, FSH and LH stimulate the development of the Primordial Follicles

A few start to grow, developing into Primary Follicles
Usually only one reaches maturity

24
Q

What Happens in Later Stages of Development of Primary Oocyte?

A

The Primary Oocyte is surrounded by several layers of Granulosa Cells

1- Zona Pellucida:
Glycoprotein layer
Forms between the Primary Oocyte and the Granulosa Cells

2- As maturation continues, the Primary Follicle develops into a Secondary Follicle

3- Theca Folliculi:
Forms from Stromal Cells

25
Q

What Happens at Secondary Follicle Stage?

A

Theca Folliculi differentiate into:
1- Theca Interna
2- Theca Externa

Innermost layer of Granulosa Cells become Corona Radiata

Secondary Follicle becomes a Mature (Graafian) Follicle

26
Q

What Happens in the Mature (Graafian) Follicle Stage?

A

While in the Mature (Graafian) Follicle:

Diploid Primary Oocyte completes Meiosis I, producing:
1- A Haploid Secondary Oocyte (with majority of cytoplasm)
2- A Haploid First Polar Body

At ovulation:
Both cells and the Corona Radiata enter the Uterine Tube
If sperm are present and fertilization occurs, the Secondary Oocyte continues into Meiosis II:
1- An Ovum and a Second Polar Body form
2- The Ovum becomes a Zygote when it unites with the sperm

27
Q

What is Female Uterine Tubes?

A

Females have 2 Uterine Tubes that extend from Uterus to Ovary:

1- Uterine Tubes:
Pathway for the sperm to reach the Ovum and for Secondary Oocytes and fertilized Ova to travel to Uterus

2- Infundibulum:
End of the Uterine Tube

3- Fimbriae:
Project from the Infundibulum

4- Ampulla:
Widest portion of the Uterine Tube

28
Q

What are the 3 Layers of the Uterine Tubes?

A

Uterine Tube have 3 layers:

1- Mucosa:
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium
Cilia move fertilized Ovum or Secondary Oocyte towards Uterus

2- Muscularis

3- Serosa

Peg Cells:
In Uterine Tube
Secrete a fluid providing nourishment for the Ovum

29
Q

What is Uterus?

A

Uterus:
Part of passageway for sperm deposited in the Vagina to reach Uterine Tube
Where a fertilized Ovum will implant

1- Fundus:
Top of Uterus

2- Body of Uterus:
Central portion of Uterus

3- Cervix of Uterus:
Inferior extension into the Vagina

4- Isthmus of Uterus:
Between Body and Cervix of Uterus

5- Uterine Cavity:
Interior of Body of Uterus

6- Cervical Canal:
Interior of Cervix of Uterus

7- Internal Os:
Opening of canal into Uterus

8- External Os:
Opening of canal into Vagina

30
Q

What is Histology of Uterus?

A

Uterus has 3 layers:

1- Perimetrium (Serosa):
Outermost layer

2- Myometrium:
Middle layer
Consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle

3- Endometrium:
Inner layer
a- Stratum Functionalis Layer:
Shed each month during menstruation
b- Stratum Basalis Layer:
Permanent and gives rise to a new Stratum Functionalis after each menstruation

31
Q

What is Blood Supply to Uterus?

A

Branches of the Internal Iliac Artery called Uterine Arterioles supply the Uterus

Uterine Arteries give rise to Arcuate Arteries that feed the Myometrium

These branch into Radial Arteries that go deep into the Myometrium

Straight Arterioles supply the Stratum Basalis
Spiral Arterioles supply the Stratum Functionalis

32
Q

What are Secretory Cells of the Cervix of Uterus?

A

Produce Cervical mucus:
Chemically more hospitable to sperm during ovulation because it is less viscous and more alkaline

1- Helps nourish sperm
2- May aid in Capacitation

33
Q

What is Vagina?

A

Vagina:
Fibromuscular Canal
Lined with mucus
Extends from body’s exterior to the Cervix

1- Mucosa of Vagina:
Continuous with Mucosa of Uterus

2- Rugae of Vagina:
The epithelium and areolar connective tissue of the Vagina lie in a series of transverse folds called Rugae

3- Muscularis of Vagina:
Outer Circular Layer of smooth muscle
Inner Longitudinal Layer of smooth muscle
This allows the Vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth

4- Hymen of Vagina:
Thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane that partially closes the inferior end of the Vagina

34
Q

What is Vulva?

A

Vulva (Pudendum):
External genitalia of female

Vulva include:
1- Mons Pubis

2- Labia Minora

3- Labia Majora

4- Clitoris

5- Vestibule:
Hymen
Vaginal Orifice
External Urethral Orifice
Openings of ducts of several glands

35
Q

What is Paraurethral Gland (Skene’s Gland)?

A

Secrete mucus
Embedded in wall of Urethra
Homologous to Prostate

36
Q

What is Greater Vestibular Gland (Bartholin’s Gland)?

A

Produce mucus during sexual arousal to provide lubrication
Homologous to Bulbourethral Glands in males

37
Q

What is the Bulb of the Vestibule?

A

Bulb of Vestibule:
Has 2 masses of erectile tissue that engorges during sexual arousal to narrow the Vaginal Orifice applying pressure to the penis during intercourse
Homologous to erectile tissues of penis

38
Q

What are the Homologous Structures of Male and Female Reproductive System?

A

Ovaries - Testes
Ovum - Sperm Cell
Labia Majora - Scrotum
Labia Minora - Spongy Urethra
Vestibule - Intermediate Urethra
Bulb of Vestibule - Corpus Spongiosum of penis and Bulb of penis
Clitoris - Glans penis and Corpora Cavernosa
Paraurethral Glands - Prostate
Greater Vestibular Glands - Bulbourethral Glands

39
Q

What is Mammary Glands of Female?

A

Located in each breast
Modified Sudoriferous Glands that produce milk

1- Mammary Glands contain 15-30 Lobes

2- Alveoli:
Milk secreting glands in Lobules of Lobes

3- Each breast has a Nipple:
Containing Lactiferous Ducts where milk emerges

4- Areola:
Skin around Nipples

40
Q

What is Female Reproductive Cycle?

A

Nonpregnant Females experience cyclical changes in the Ovaries and Uterus lasting approximately one month

The cycle involves Oogenesis and preparation by the Uterus to receive a fertilized Ovum

1- Ovarian Cycle:
Includes changes that occur during and after maturation of Oocyte

2- Uterine Cycle:
Involves changes in the Endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo

41
Q

What are the 4 Phases of Female Reproductive Cycle?

A

The cycle ranges generally from 24 to 36 days
4 Phases:

1- Menstrual
2- Preovulatory
3- Ovulation
4- Postovulatory

42
Q

What is Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Cycle?

A

1- High levels of Estrogens from almost Mature (Graafian) Follicle stimulates release of ore GnRH and LH

2- Hypothalamus increases release of GnRH, which promotes release of FSH and more LH from Anterior Pituitary Gland

3- LH surge brings about ovulation
Mature (Graafian) Follicle becomes Corpus Hemorrhagicum and Secondary Oocyte is ovulated

43
Q

What are Birth Control Methods?

A

Birth Control Methods:
Designed to limit the number of children produced by preventing conception
Complete abstinence is the only 100% reliable method

Other methods include:
1- Surgical Sterilization:
2- Hormonal methods
3- Periodic Abstinence

44
Q

What is Surgical Sterilization?

A

Intervention to render individual incapable of reproduction

1- Vasectomy:
In males
Remove portion of Vas Deferens

2- Tubal Ligation:
In females
Tie closed and then cut Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube)

3- Non-Incisional Sterilization:
Employs insertion of a coil made of plastic and metal into each Uterine Tube then scar tissue grows and blocks Tubes

45
Q

What is Hormonal Methods for Birth Control?

A

Include oral contraceptives that are designed to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation
Several types:

1- Combined Oral Contraceptives (COC):
Contain Progestin and Estrogens

2- Extended Cycle Birth Control Pills:
Contain Progestin and Estrogens
And menstruation occurs every 13 weeks

3- Minipills:
Contain Progestin only

4- Progestin:
Thickens cervical mucous

46
Q

What is Non-Oral Birth Control Methods?

A

1- Contraceptive Skin Patch
2- Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
3- Emergency Contraception (EC)

47
Q

What is Barrier Methods of Birth Control?

A

Physical barrier to block sperm from gaining access to Uterine Cavity and Tubes
Includes:

1- Male condom
2- Vaginal pouch (female condom)
3- Diaphragm
4- Cervical Cap

48
Q

What is Periodical Abstinence?

A

Employed when the couple has knowledge of the physiological changes that take place during the female cycle:

1- Rhythm Method:
A couple abstains from intercourse when ovulation is likely to occur

2- Sympto-Thermal Method:
May be used to avoid or achieve pregnancy
Uses normally fluctuating physiological markers such as temperature and changes in cervical mucus color and texture

49
Q

What is Abortion?

A

Abortion:
Premature expulsion of the products of conception from Uterus

Methods:

1- Mifepristone (RU 486):
Hormone used in pregnancies 9 weeks or less
Blocks Progestin thus blocking action of Progesterone, resulting in menstruation

2- Vacuum Aspiration:
Uses suction to remove the embryo or fetus, placenta, and uterine lining

3- Dilation and Evacuation:
Used together to dilate the Cervix
Employ suction and forceps to remove Fetus, Placenta, and Uterine Lining

4- Late-Stage Abortion:
Employs similar methods to Dilation and Evacuation
Or uses a saline solution or surgical methods to induce abortion

50
Q

What is Development of Reproductive System?

A

Develop from several structures
Require several chemical substances

1- Gonads;
Develop from Intermediate Mesoderm that gives rise to Gonadal Ridges

2- Mesonephric Ducts (Wolffian Ducts):
Develop into male reproductive system

3- Paramesonephric Ducts (Mullerian Ducts):
Develop into female reproductive system

51
Q

What is Male Development of Reproductive System?

A

Mullerian-Inhibiting Substances (MIS):
Causes apoptosis of cells in Mullerian Ducts in developing males

So no structures develop from the ducts in male reproductive system

Testosterone in developing males stimulates the development of the Mesonephric Ducts into the:
1- Epididymis
2- Vas Deferens
3- Ejaculatory Duct
4- Seminal Vesicles

52
Q

What happens before Differentiation into Male or Female Reproductive System?

A

All embryos have:

1- Urethral Folds (Urogenital Folds)
2- Urethral Groove
3- Genital Tubercle
4- Labioscrotal Swelling

53
Q

How does Aging affect Reproductive System?

A

First Decade:
Reproductive System in juvenile state

1- At approximately age 10:
Hormone-directed changes leading to puberty

2- Puberty:
Males begin producing sperm
Females enter Menarche (Beginning of menstruation)

With age, fertility declines:

1- In women between 30-40 years:
Ovarian Follicles become exhausted
Estrogen levels decline

2- In men:
Reproduction still possible inot 80’s or 90’s
Around age 55: testosterone levels decline, sperm levels drop, sexual desire wanes
Most males over 60: experience benign Prostatic Hypertrophy where the Prostate enlarges 2-4 times its normal size

54
Q

What are some Reproductive System Disorders?

A

Men:
1- Testicular cancer
2- Prostatic disorders
3- Erectile dysfunction

Women:
1- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
2- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
3- Endometriosis
4- Breast and Ovarian cancer
5- Yeast infection

55
Q

What are some Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)?

A

STD:
1- Chlamydia
2- Trichomoniasis
3- Gonorrhea
4- Syphilis
5- Genital Herpes
6- Genital Warts

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions