Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A Tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin
Function together to carry out specialized activities
4 Types in body:
1- Epithelial
2- Connective
3- Muscular
4- Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a Cell Junction?

A

A cell Junction is a point of contact between cells
Holds cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a Tight Junction?

A

Impermeable junction that form continuous seals around cells to prevent molecules from passing through Intracellular space

Function:
Prevent substances from passing between cells
Requires materials to move through rather than between cells
Prevents leakage of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Desmosome?

A

Anchoring junction that bind adjacent cells together
Composed of proteins that bind neighboring cells

Function:
Helps form internal tension-reducing network of fibers
Provides integrity to cells exposed to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Hemidesmosome?

A

Anchors basal layer of cells of epidermis to underlying components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Gap Junction?

A

Composed of proteins called Connexons

Function:
Form tiny, fluid-filled tunnels between cells
Provide direct passageway for substances like ions and small molecules to travel between cells

ex: flow of ions between cells of cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an Adherens Junction

A

Junction between cells made of an Adhesion Belt
Adhesion Belt made of a plaque of Actin microfilaments on the outside and Transmembrane Glycoprotein (Cadherin) on the inside of it

Function:
Initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
Intracellular signaling
Transcriptional regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

Cells arranged in sheets and densely packed
Many cell junctions present
Epithelial cells attached to Basement membrane
Epithelial tissue is avascular but does have a nerve supply
Mitosis occurs frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Structure of Epithelial Cells and Basement Membrane?

A

Epithelium:
Apical Surface - top part
Lateral Surface - between 2 cells
Avascular, but innervated

Basement Membrane:
Basal Lamina (top)
Reticular Lamina (bottom)
Avascular, but innervated

Connective Tissue:
Deep to the Basement Membrane
Contains Blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Types of Arrangement of Layers of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Simple
Pseudostratified (Columnar)
Stratified
Transitional (Stratified at bottom and Simple on top)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Types of Shapes of Cells of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Glandular Epithelium?

A

Gland:
A single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an Endocrine Gland?

A

Endocrine Glands:
No ducts
Secretions (hormones) enter the interstitial fluid and diffuse into bloodstream

ex:
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries and Testes
Thymus

Function:
Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an Exocrine Gland?

A

Exocrine Glands:
Secretions enter ducts that empty on the surface of a covering/lining epithelium (such as skin surface of lumen of stomach)

ex:
Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin
Digestive glands like Salivary Glands and Pancreas

Function:
Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Structural Classification of Glandular Epithelium?

A

Unicellular - Goblet Cells

Multicellular - composed of many cells that form a distinctive structure
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the Forms of Multicellular Exocrine Glands?

A

All made of a duct and a secretory portion

Simple Tubular - Intestinal glands
Simple Branched Tubular - Stomach (gastric) glands
Simple Coiled Tubular

Simple Acinar
Simple Branched Acinar - Sebaceous (oil) glands

Compound Tubular - Duodenal glands of small intestine
Compound Acinar - Mammary glands
Compound Tubuloacinar - Salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the Functional Classifications of Glandular Epithelium?

A

Merocrine Secretion:
Secretory vesicles release secretions out of cell (Exocytosis)

Apocrine Secretion:
Pinches off portion of cell as secretion

Holocrine Secretion:
Mature cell dies and becomes secretory product
Cell division replaces lost cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

Connective Tissue composed of Cells and Extracellular Matrix
Connective Tissue cells don’t have any free surfaces
Highly vascularized and has nerve supply
(Exceptions: Tendons and Cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some Connective Tissue Cells?

A

Fibroblasts

Reticular Fibers
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fibers

Ground Substance

Adipocytes

Macrophages
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Fibroblast?

A

Large flat cells
Secrete Fibers and Ground Substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Reticular Fiber?

A

Made of Collagen and Glycoproteins
Provide support in blood vessel walls
Form branching network around various cells (fat, nerve, smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Collagen Fiber?

A

Strong, flexible bundles of protein Collagen
Most abundant in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Elastic Fiber?

A

Stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, Elastin, and Fibrillin
Found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A

Material between cells and fibers
Made of water and organic molecules (Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine)
Supports cells and fibers, binds them together
Provides medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Adipocyte?
Fat cells Store fats Found below skin and around organs (heart, kidney)
26
What is Macrophage?
Develop from Monocyte Destroy bacteria and cell debris by Phagocytosis
27
What is Eosinophils?
WBC that migrates to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
28
What is Neutrophils?
WBC that migrates to sites of infection Destroy microbes by Phagocytosis
29
What is Plasma Cells?
Develop from B Lymphocyte Secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
30
What is Mast Cells?
Abundant in blood vessels Produce Histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation Kills bacteria
31
What is Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix?
Extracellular Matrix located in spaces between connective tissue cells Composed of Fibers and Ground Substance
32
What do Fibers do in Extracellular Matrix?
Provide strength and support a tissue
33
What are the Classifications of Connective Tissue?
1- Embryonic: Mesenchyme Mucous 2- Mature: Loose Dense Cartilage Bone Blood
34
What are Membranes?
Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line part of the body 2 Types: 1- Epithelial Membranes: Mucous Membrane Serous Membrane Cutaneous Membrane 2- Synovial Membrane
35
What does Mucous Membrane do?
Line body cavities that open to outside
36
What does Serous Membrane do?
Line cavities that do not open directly to outside
37
What does Cutaneous Membrane do?
Skin covers the surface of the body
38
What does Synovial Membrane do?
Line joints, secrete Synovial fluid (to reduce friction)
39
What is Muscular Tissue?
Muscular Tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat 3 Types: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
40
What is Nervous Tissue?
2 Types of cells: Neurons Neuroglia
41
What does Neuron do?
Neuron has a cell body, dendrites, and axons Carry sensory or motor information Perform integrative functions
42
What does Neuroglia do?
Neuroglia protects and supports Neurons
43
What are Excitable Cells?
Neurons and Muscle Fibers are excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability Electrical Excitability is ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals, such as action potentials, which travel along plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage-gated channels
44
What is Tissue Repair?
Process that replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells Epithelial cells replaced by division of stem cells (undifferentiated cells) Not all connective tissue cells have ability to repair: Muscle cells can perform limited repair Some nervous cells can perform limited repairs, others can't
45
What is Fibrosis?
The formation of scar tissue
46
How does Tissue Repair work?
Regeneration: Replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type Restores organ function Fibrosis: Gap filled with scar tissue Collagen produced by Fibroblasts Functional activities not restored
47
What are the Stages of Wound Healing?
Cut blood vessels bleed into wound 1- Blood Clot forms and Leukocytes clean wound Clot is temporary barrier for pathogens 2- Blood vessels re-grow and Granulation tissue forms Vascular connective tissue initially forms in wound 3- Epithelium regenerates and connective tissue Fibrosis occurs Wound Healing is dependent on extent of injury Longer for deeper wider surfaces With severe damage, less likely to return to original condition Hair follicles, exocrine glands, nerves, and arrector pili muscle cells not repaired
48
What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?
Single layer, disc shaped central nuclei Function: Allows material to pass by diffusion Filtration in sites where protection not important Secretes lubricating substances in serosae Location: Kidney glomeruli Air sac of lungs Lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels Lining of ventral body cavity (Serosae)
49
What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?
Single layer cubelike cells, large spherical central nuclei Function: Secretion Absorption Location: Kidney tubules Ducts and secretory portions of small glands Ovary surface
50
What is Simple Columnar Epithelium?
Single layer tall cells, round/oval nuclei Many have microvilli Some have cilia Layer may contain Goblet Cells (mucus secreting unicellular gland) Function: Absorption Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action Location: 1- Nonciliated type: Lines most of GI tract Gallbladder Excretory ducts of some glands 2- Ciliated variety: Lines small bronchi Uterine Tubes Some regions of Uterus
51
What is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?
Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching free surface Nuclei seen at different levels May contain Goblet Cells and bear cilia Function: Secrete substances (particularly mucus) Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action Location: 1- Nonciliated type: Male's sperm-carrying ducts Ducts of large glands 2- Ciliated variety: Lines Trachea Most upper Respiratory tract
52
What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
Thick membrane composed of several cell layers Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active Surface cells are flattened Keratinized type: Surface cells are full of Keratin and dead Basal cells are active in mitosis and produce more superficial layers Function: Protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion Location: 1- Nonkeratinized type: Forms the moist linings of Esophagus, Mouth, and Vagina 2- Keratinized type: Forms Epidermis of skin, a dry membrane
53
What is Transitional Epithelium?
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar Surface cells are dome shaped or squamous-like depending on degree of organ stretch Function: Stretches readily Permits stored urine to distend urinary organ Location: Lines the Ureters Bladder Part of Urethra
54
What are the Types of Loose Connective Tissue?
Areolar Adipose Reticular
55
What are the Types of Dense Connective Tissue?
Regular Irregular Elastic
56
What are the Types of Cartilage Tissue?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
57
What are the Loose Areolar Connective Tissue?
Gel-like matrix All 3 types of fibers Cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells, and some WBC Function: Wraps and cushions organs Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria Plays important role in inflammation Holds and conveys tissue fluid Location: Widely distributed under epithelium Forms Lamina Propria of mucus membranes Packages organs Surrounds capillaries
58
What are the Loose Adipose Connective Tissue?
Gel-like matrix All 3 types of fibers Cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells, and some WBC But very sparse Closely packed Adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet Function: Provides reserve food fuel Insulates against heat loss Supports and protects organs Location: Under skin in Subcutaneous tissue Around Kidneys and Eyeballs Within Abdomen In Breasts
59
What are the Loose Reticular Connective Tissue?
Loose network of reticular fibers in gel-like ground substance Reticular cells lie on the network Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (Stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC, Mast Cells, and Macrophages Location: Lymphoid organs (Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow, and Spleen)
60
What are the Dense Regular Connective Tissue?
Primarily parallel Collagen Fibers Few Elastic Fibers Major cell type is Fibroblast Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles (tendons) Attaches bones to bones (ligaments) Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: Tendons Most Ligaments Aponeuroses
61
What are the Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
Primarily irregularly arranged Collagen Fibers Some Elastic Fibers Major cell type is Fibroblast Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions Provides structural strength Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and joints Dermis of skin Submucosa of Digestive tract
62
What are the Dense Elastic Connective Tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of Elastic Fibers Function: Allows tissue to recoil after stretching Maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries Aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: Walls of large arteries Within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column Within walls of the bronchial tubes
63
What are the Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue?
Amorphous but firm matrix Collagen fibers form imperceptible network Chondroblasts produce the matrix When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae Function: Supports and reinforces Serves as resilient cushion Resists compressive stress Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities Forms costal cartilages of the ribs Cartilages of the Nose, Trachea, and Larynx
64
What are the Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue?
Amorphous but firm matrix Collagen fibers form imperceptible network Chondroblasts produce the matrix When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae More Elastic Fibers in matrix than in Hyaline Cartilage Function: Maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility Location: Supports the external ear (Pinna) Epiglottis
65
What are the Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue?
Amorphous but firm matrix Collagen fibers form imperceptible network Chondroblasts produce the matrix When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae Matrix less firm than in Hyaline Cartilage Thick Collagen Fibers predominate Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock Location: Intervertebral Discs Pubic Symphysis Discs of the knee joint
66
What is Osseous Tissue?
Bones Hard, calcified matrix containing many Collagen Fiber Osteocytes in Lacunae Very well vascularized Function: Supports and protects Provides levers for the muscles to act on Stores calcium and other minerals and fat Marrow inside bones is site for Hematopoiesis (Blood cell formation) Location: Bones
67
What are the 2 types of Bones?
Compact Bone: Perforated by neurovascular canals Cylindrical structures - Osteons Spongy Bone: Located in interior of bone Latticework structure, strong, and lightweight
68
What is Blood Tissue?
RBC and WBC in Plasma (fluid matrix) Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances Location: Contained within blood vessels
69
What is Muscular Tissue?
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
70
What is Skeletal Muscle?
Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells Obvious striations Function: Voluntary movement Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Facial expression Voluntary control Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
71
What is Cardiac Muscle?
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions - Intercalated Discs Function: As it contracts it propels blood into circulation involuntary control Location: Walls of heart
72
What is Smooth Muscle?
Spindle-shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei No striations Cells arranged closely to form sheets Function: Propel substances or objects (food, urine, baby) along internal passageways Involuntary control Location: Mostly in walls of hollow organs
73
What is Nervous Tissue?
Neurons are branching cells Cell processes that may be quite long extend from nucleus-containing cell body Also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells Function: Neurons transmit electrical signal from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) Supporting cells support and protect neurons Location: Brain Spinal Cord Nerves

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions