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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A Tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin
Function together to carry out specialized activities
4 Types in body:
1- Epithelial
2- Connective
3- Muscular
4- Nervous

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2
Q

What is a Cell Junction?

A

A cell Junction is a point of contact between cells
Holds cells together

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3
Q

What is a Tight Junction?

A

Impermeable junction that form continuous seals around cells to prevent molecules from passing through Intracellular space

Function:
Prevent substances from passing between cells
Requires materials to move through rather than between cells
Prevents leakage of urine

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4
Q

What is a Desmosome?

A

Anchoring junction that bind adjacent cells together
Composed of proteins that bind neighboring cells

Function:
Helps form internal tension-reducing network of fibers
Provides integrity to cells exposed to stress

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5
Q

What is a Hemidesmosome?

A

Anchors basal layer of cells of epidermis to underlying components

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6
Q

What is a Gap Junction?

A

Composed of proteins called Connexons

Function:
Form tiny, fluid-filled tunnels between cells
Provide direct passageway for substances like ions and small molecules to travel between cells

ex: flow of ions between cells of cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What is an Adherens Junction

A

Junction between cells made of an Adhesion Belt
Adhesion Belt made of a plaque of Actin microfilaments on the outside and Transmembrane Glycoprotein (Cadherin) on the inside of it

Function:
Initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
Intracellular signaling
Transcriptional regulation

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8
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

Cells arranged in sheets and densely packed
Many cell junctions present
Epithelial cells attached to Basement membrane
Epithelial tissue is avascular but does have a nerve supply
Mitosis occurs frequently

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9
Q

What is the Structure of Epithelial Cells and Basement Membrane?

A

Epithelium:
Apical Surface - top part
Lateral Surface - between 2 cells
Avascular, but innervated

Basement Membrane:
Basal Lamina (top)
Reticular Lamina (bottom)
Avascular, but innervated

Connective Tissue:
Deep to the Basement Membrane
Contains Blood vessels

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10
Q

What are the Types of Arrangement of Layers of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Simple
Pseudostratified (Columnar)
Stratified
Transitional (Stratified at bottom and Simple on top)

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11
Q

What are the Types of Shapes of Cells of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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12
Q

What is Glandular Epithelium?

A

Gland:
A single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

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13
Q

What is an Endocrine Gland?

A

Endocrine Glands:
No ducts
Secretions (hormones) enter the interstitial fluid and diffuse into bloodstream

ex:
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries and Testes
Thymus

Function:
Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

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14
Q

What is an Exocrine Gland?

A

Exocrine Glands:
Secretions enter ducts that empty on the surface of a covering/lining epithelium (such as skin surface of lumen of stomach)

ex:
Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin
Digestive glands like Salivary Glands and Pancreas

Function:
Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes

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15
Q

What is the Structural Classification of Glandular Epithelium?

A

Unicellular - Goblet Cells

Multicellular - composed of many cells that form a distinctive structure
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Salivary glands

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16
Q

What are the Forms of Multicellular Exocrine Glands?

A

All made of a duct and a secretory portion

Simple Tubular - Intestinal glands
Simple Branched Tubular - Stomach (gastric) glands
Simple Coiled Tubular

Simple Acinar
Simple Branched Acinar - Sebaceous (oil) glands

Compound Tubular - Duodenal glands of small intestine
Compound Acinar - Mammary glands
Compound Tubuloacinar - Salivary glands

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17
Q

What are the Functional Classifications of Glandular Epithelium?

A

Merocrine Secretion:
Secretory vesicles release secretions out of cell (Exocytosis)

Apocrine Secretion:
Pinches off portion of cell as secretion

Holocrine Secretion:
Mature cell dies and becomes secretory product
Cell division replaces lost cell

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18
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

Connective Tissue composed of Cells and Extracellular Matrix
Connective Tissue cells don’t have any free surfaces
Highly vascularized and has nerve supply
(Exceptions: Tendons and Cartilage)

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19
Q

What are some Connective Tissue Cells?

A

Fibroblasts

Reticular Fibers
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fibers

Ground Substance

Adipocytes

Macrophages
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells

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20
Q

What is Fibroblast?

A

Large flat cells
Secrete Fibers and Ground Substance

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21
Q

What is Reticular Fiber?

A

Made of Collagen and Glycoproteins
Provide support in blood vessel walls
Form branching network around various cells (fat, nerve, smooth muscle)

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22
Q

What is Collagen Fiber?

A

Strong, flexible bundles of protein Collagen
Most abundant in body

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23
Q

What is Elastic Fiber?

A

Stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, Elastin, and Fibrillin
Found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue

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24
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A

Material between cells and fibers
Made of water and organic molecules (Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine)
Supports cells and fibers, binds them together
Provides medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells

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25
Q

What is Adipocyte?

A

Fat cells
Store fats
Found below skin and around organs (heart, kidney)

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26
Q

What is Macrophage?

A

Develop from Monocyte
Destroy bacteria and cell debris by Phagocytosis

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27
Q

What is Eosinophils?

A

WBC that migrates to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses

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28
Q

What is Neutrophils?

A

WBC that migrates to sites of infection
Destroy microbes by Phagocytosis

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29
Q

What is Plasma Cells?

A

Develop from B Lymphocyte
Secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances

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30
Q

What is Mast Cells?

A

Abundant in blood vessels
Produce Histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation
Kills bacteria

31
Q

What is Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix?

A

Extracellular Matrix located in spaces between connective tissue cells
Composed of Fibers and Ground Substance

32
Q

What do Fibers do in Extracellular Matrix?

A

Provide strength and support a tissue

33
Q

What are the Classifications of Connective Tissue?

A

1- Embryonic:
Mesenchyme
Mucous

2- Mature:
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

34
Q

What are Membranes?

A

Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line part of the body

2 Types:

1- Epithelial Membranes:
Mucous Membrane
Serous Membrane
Cutaneous Membrane

2- Synovial Membrane

35
Q

What does Mucous Membrane do?

A

Line body cavities that open to outside

36
Q

What does Serous Membrane do?

A

Line cavities that do not open directly to outside

37
Q

What does Cutaneous Membrane do?

A

Skin covers the surface of the body

38
Q

What does Synovial Membrane do?

A

Line joints, secrete Synovial fluid (to reduce friction)

39
Q

What is Muscular Tissue?

A

Muscular Tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat

3 Types:
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

40
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

2 Types of cells:
Neurons
Neuroglia

41
Q

What does Neuron do?

A

Neuron has a cell body, dendrites, and axons

Carry sensory or motor information
Perform integrative functions

42
Q

What does Neuroglia do?

A

Neuroglia protects and supports Neurons

43
Q

What are Excitable Cells?

A

Neurons and Muscle Fibers are excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability

Electrical Excitability is ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals, such as action potentials, which travel along plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage-gated channels

44
Q

What is Tissue Repair?

A

Process that replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells

Epithelial cells replaced by division of stem cells (undifferentiated cells)

Not all connective tissue cells have ability to repair:

Muscle cells can perform limited repair
Some nervous cells can perform limited repairs, others can’t

45
Q

What is Fibrosis?

A

The formation of scar tissue

46
Q

How does Tissue Repair work?

A

Regeneration:
Replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type
Restores organ function

Fibrosis:
Gap filled with scar tissue
Collagen produced by Fibroblasts
Functional activities not restored

47
Q

What are the Stages of Wound Healing?

A

Cut blood vessels bleed into wound

1- Blood Clot forms and Leukocytes clean wound
Clot is temporary barrier for pathogens

2- Blood vessels re-grow and Granulation tissue forms
Vascular connective tissue initially forms in wound

3- Epithelium regenerates and connective tissue Fibrosis occurs

Wound Healing is dependent on extent of injury
Longer for deeper wider surfaces
With severe damage, less likely to return to original condition
Hair follicles, exocrine glands, nerves, and arrector pili muscle cells not repaired

48
Q

What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A

Single layer, disc shaped central nuclei

Function:
Allows material to pass by diffusion
Filtration in sites where protection not important
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae

Location:
Kidney glomeruli
Air sac of lungs
Lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Lining of ventral body cavity (Serosae)

49
Q

What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Single layer cubelike cells, large spherical central nuclei

Function:
Secretion
Absorption

Location:
Kidney tubules
Ducts and secretory portions of small glands
Ovary surface

50
Q

What is Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Single layer tall cells, round/oval nuclei
Many have microvilli
Some have cilia
Layer may contain Goblet Cells (mucus secreting unicellular gland)

Function:
Absorption
Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

Location:
1- Nonciliated type:
Lines most of GI tract
Gallbladder
Excretory ducts of some glands

2- Ciliated variety:
Lines small bronchi
Uterine Tubes
Some regions of Uterus

51
Q

What is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching free surface
Nuclei seen at different levels
May contain Goblet Cells and bear cilia

Function:
Secrete substances (particularly mucus)
Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Location:
1- Nonciliated type:
Male’s sperm-carrying ducts
Ducts of large glands

2- Ciliated variety:
Lines Trachea
Most upper Respiratory tract

52
Q

What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Thick membrane composed of several cell layers
Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active
Surface cells are flattened
Keratinized type: Surface cells are full of Keratin and dead
Basal cells are active in mitosis and produce more superficial layers

Function:
Protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Location:
1- Nonkeratinized type:
Forms the moist linings of Esophagus, Mouth, and Vagina

2- Keratinized type:
Forms Epidermis of skin, a dry membrane

53
Q

What is Transitional Epithelium?

A

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
Surface cells are dome shaped or squamous-like depending on degree of organ stretch

Function:
Stretches readily
Permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

Location:
Lines the Ureters
Bladder
Part of Urethra

54
Q

What are the Types of Loose Connective Tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

55
Q

What are the Types of Dense Connective Tissue?

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

56
Q

What are the Types of Cartilage Tissue?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

57
Q

What are the Loose Areolar Connective Tissue?

A

Gel-like matrix
All 3 types of fibers
Cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells, and some WBC

Function:
Wraps and cushions organs
Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
Plays important role in inflammation
Holds and conveys tissue fluid

Location:
Widely distributed under epithelium
Forms Lamina Propria of mucus membranes
Packages organs
Surrounds capillaries

58
Q

What are the Loose Adipose Connective Tissue?

A

Gel-like matrix
All 3 types of fibers
Cells: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells, and some WBC
But very sparse
Closely packed Adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Function:
Provides reserve food fuel
Insulates against heat loss
Supports and protects organs

Location:
Under skin in Subcutaneous tissue
Around Kidneys and Eyeballs
Within Abdomen
In Breasts

59
Q

What are the Loose Reticular Connective Tissue?

A

Loose network of reticular fibers in gel-like ground substance
Reticular cells lie on the network

Function:
Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (Stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC, Mast Cells, and Macrophages

Location:
Lymphoid organs (Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow, and Spleen)

60
Q

What are the Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A

Primarily parallel Collagen Fibers
Few Elastic Fibers
Major cell type is Fibroblast

Function:
Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles (tendons)
Attaches bones to bones (ligaments)
Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location:
Tendons
Most Ligaments
Aponeuroses

61
Q

What are the Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

Primarily irregularly arranged Collagen Fibers
Some Elastic Fibers
Major cell type is Fibroblast

Function:
Withstands tension exerted in many directions
Provides structural strength

Location:
Fibrous capsules of organs and joints
Dermis of skin
Submucosa of Digestive tract

62
Q

What are the Dense Elastic Connective Tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of Elastic Fibers

Function:
Allows tissue to recoil after stretching
Maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
Aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

Location:
Walls of large arteries
Within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column
Within walls of the bronchial tubes

63
Q

What are the Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue?

A

Amorphous but firm matrix
Collagen fibers form imperceptible network
Chondroblasts produce the matrix
When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae

Function:
Supports and reinforces
Serves as resilient cushion
Resists compressive stress

Location:
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton
Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
Forms costal cartilages of the ribs
Cartilages of the Nose, Trachea, and Larynx

64
Q

What are the Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue?

A

Amorphous but firm matrix
Collagen fibers form imperceptible network
Chondroblasts produce the matrix
When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae
More Elastic Fibers in matrix than in Hyaline Cartilage

Function:
Maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Location:
Supports the external ear (Pinna)
Epiglottis

65
Q

What are the Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue?

A

Amorphous but firm matrix
Collagen fibers form imperceptible network
Chondroblasts produce the matrix
When mature (Chondrocytes) lie in Lacunae
Matrix less firm than in Hyaline Cartilage
Thick Collagen Fibers predominate

Function:
Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

Location:
Intervertebral Discs
Pubic Symphysis
Discs of the knee joint

66
Q

What is Osseous Tissue?

A

Bones
Hard, calcified matrix containing many Collagen Fiber
Osteocytes in Lacunae
Very well vascularized

Function:
Supports and protects
Provides levers for the muscles to act on
Stores calcium and other minerals and fat
Marrow inside bones is site for Hematopoiesis (Blood cell formation)

Location:
Bones

67
Q

What are the 2 types of Bones?

A

Compact Bone:
Perforated by neurovascular canals
Cylindrical structures - Osteons

Spongy Bone:
Located in interior of bone
Latticework structure, strong, and lightweight

68
Q

What is Blood Tissue?

A

RBC and WBC in Plasma (fluid matrix)

Function:
Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

Location:
Contained within blood vessels

69
Q

What is Muscular Tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

70
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle?

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells
Obvious striations

Function:
Voluntary movement
Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Facial expression
Voluntary control

Location:
In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

71
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions - Intercalated Discs

Function:
As it contracts it propels blood into circulation
involuntary control

Location:
Walls of heart

72
Q

What is Smooth Muscle?

A

Spindle-shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei
No striations
Cells arranged closely to form sheets

Function:
Propel substances or objects (food, urine, baby) along internal passageways
Involuntary control

Location:
Mostly in walls of hollow organs

73
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

Neurons are branching cells
Cell processes that may be quite long extend from nucleus-containing cell body
Also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells

Function:
Neurons transmit electrical signal from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands)
Supporting cells support and protect neurons

Location:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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