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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 8 - The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126 bones
Primarily involved in body movements

Include:
Upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching them to Axial Skeleton

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2
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle?

A

Pectoral Girdle - Shoulder Girdle
2 pectoral girdles

Include:
Clavicle
Scapula

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3
Q

What is the Clavicle?

A

Clavicle is collarbone
S-shaped

Medial (Sternal) end:
Articulates with Manubrium of Sternum

Lateral (Acromial) end:
Articulates with the Acromion of the Scapula

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4
Q

What are the Clavicle markings?

A

At Medial (Sternal) end inferiorly:
Impression for the Costoclavicular ligament

At Lateral (Acromial) end inferiorly:
Conoid tubercle

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5
Q

What is the Scapula?

A

Scapula:
Flat bone located in superior part of posterior thorax
Between ribs 2 and 7

Attaches to Humerus at Glenoid cavity

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6
Q

What are the Scapula markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Lateral (Axillary) Border
Acromion
Coracoid Process
Glenoid Cavity

Superior Angle
Superior Border
Scapular Notch
Subscapular Fossa
Medial (Vertebral) Border

2- Posteriorly:

Supraspinous Fossa
Spine
Infraspinous Fossa

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7
Q

What is the Humerus?

A

Humerus: Arm bone

Articulates with Scapula proximally
Rounded head fits into Glenoid Cavity of Scapula

Articulates with Radius distally at Capitulum
Articulates with Ulna distally at Trochlea

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8
Q

What are the Humerus Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Head
Anatomical Neck
Greater Tubercle (lateral)
Intertubercular Sulcus (groove)
Lesser Tubercle (medial)

Deltoid Tuberosity (lateral)
Body (shaft)

Radial Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyle
Capitulum (w/ Radius)
Trochlea (w/ Ulna)

2- Posteriorly:

Radial Groove

Olecranon Fossa

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9
Q

What is the Ulna and Radius?

A

Ulna and Radius: the 2 bones of the forearm

Ulna:
Olecranon and Coronoid Process at proximal end of Ulna form Trochlear Notch, which wraps around Trochlea of Humerus making elbow joint

Radius:
Located on lateral side (Thumb)
Articulation of Head of Radius with Capitulum of Humerus and with Ulna allow forearm to rotate

Interosseus Membrane between Radius and Ulna

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10
Q

What are the Radius Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Head (proximal)
Neck
Radial Tuberosity

Styloid Process (at carpals)

2- Inferiorly at distal end:

Articulation for Scaphoid (lateral)
Articulation for Lunate (medial)
Ulnar notch of Ulna (right next to Ulna)

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11
Q

What are the Ulna Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Coronoid Process
Ulnar Tuberosity

Head of Ulna (distal)
Styloid Process of Ulna

2- Posteriorly:

Olecranon

3- Laterally:

Trochlear Notch
Radial Notch

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12
Q

What is the Carpal Bones?

A

Carpal Bones:
8 small bones connected to each other with ligaments
Arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones each

Proximal row:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Articulate with distal Radius and Ulna

Distal row:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Articulate with the Metacarpals

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13
Q

What are Metacarpal Joints?

A

Metacarpalphalangeal joint: between Metacarpal and Proximal Phalange
First Interphalangeal Joint
Second Interphalangeal Joint

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14
Q

What are Metacarpals?

A

5 Metacarpals make up palm and back of hand
Numbered 1-5 (I-V) starting with thumb
Bases articulate with distal Carpals
Heads articulate with proximal Phalanges

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15
Q

What are Phalanges?

A

Phalanges are the bones of digits
14 total

Thumb has 2 (proximal and distal)
Other fingers have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal)

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16
Q

Where are the Carpals?

A

Sandy Left The Party To Take Cathey Home

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Anteriorly from Medial to Lateral up then down

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17
Q

What is the Pelvic Girdle?

A

Pelvic Girdle: Hip Girdle

Made of 2 Hip Bones (Os Coxa, or Coxal Bones)
Articulate with the Sacrum posteriorly

Each Hip Bone is made of 3 individual bones:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

The 2 Hip bones articulate anteriorly at the Pubic Bones (Pubic Symphysis)
There is a disc of Fibrocartilage between the 2 bones

18
Q

What is the Acetabulum?

A

The Head of the Femur articulates with the Acetabulum of the Hip Bone as a ball and socket joint

Acetabulum is composed of parts of all 3 of the bones that make up the Hip Bone

19
Q

What is the Pelvis?

A

Pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portion by the Pelvic Brim, which is where the abdomen meets the pelvic cavity

Landmarks of the Pelvic Brim:
Sacral Promontory
Arcuate Line
Pectineal Line
Pubic Crest
Pubic Symphysis

20
Q

What are the 2 Areas of the Pelvis?

A

1- False (Greater) Pelvis:
Area of bony pelvis superior to Pelvic Brim

2- True (Lesser) Pelvis:
Area of bony pelvis inferior to Pelvic Brim

21
Q

What are the characteristics of the Male Pelvic Girdles?

A

Male:
Bones usually larger and heavier

1- General Structure:
Heavy and thick

2- False (Greater) Pelvis:
Deep

3- Pelvic Brim:
Narrow and heart-shaped

4- Acetabulum:
Large and faces laterally

5- Obturator Foramen:
Round

6- Pubic Arch:
Less than 90 degrees

7- Iliac Crest:
More curved

8- Ilium:
More vertical

9- Greater Sciatic Notch:
Narrow (about 70 degrees, inverted V)

10- Sacrum:
Longer, narrower, and more curved anteriorly

11- Pelvic Outlet:
Narrower

12- Ischial Tuberosity:
Longer, closer together, and more laterally projecting

22
Q

What are the characteristics of the Female Pelvic Girdles?

A

Female:
Bones structured to meet requirements of pregnancy and childbirth
Wider and shallower than male

1- General Structure:
Light and thin

2- False (Greater) Pelvis:
Shallow

3- Pelvic Brim:
Wide and more oval

4- Acetabulum:
Small and faces anteriorly

5- Obturator Foramen:
Oval

6- Pubic Arch:
Greater than 90 degrees

7- Iliac Crest:
Less curved

8- Ilium:
Less vertical

9- Greater Sciatic Notch:
Wide (almost 90 degrees)

10- Sacrum:
Shorter, wider, and less curved anteriorly

11- Pelvic Outlet:
Wider

12- Ischial Tuberosity:
Shorter, farther apart, and more medially projecting

23
Q

What are the 3 bones of the Hip Bone?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

24
Q

What are the Ilium Markings?

A

1- Anterolaterally:

Iliac Crest
Tubercle of the Iliac Crest
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine

Body of Ilium

Acetabulum

Anterior Gluteal Line
Inferior Gluteal Line
Posterior Gluteal Line

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine

Greater Sciatic Notch

2- Anteromedially:

Iliac Tuberosity
Auricular Surface

Iliac Fossa

Arcuate Line

25
Q

What are the Ischium Markings?

A

1- Anterolaterally:

Body of Ischium
Ischial Spine
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Ischial Tuberosity
Ramus of Ischium

Acetabulum

Acetabular Notch
Obturator Foramen

26
Q

What are the Pubis Markings?

A

1- Anterolaterally:

Superior Ramus of Pubis
Pubic Tubercle
Inferior Ramus of Pubis

Acetabulum

Obturator Foramen

2- Anteromedially:

Pectineal Line

Body of Pubis
Pubic Crest
Pubic Symphysis

27
Q

What is the Femur?

A

Femur:
Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body

Proximal end (Head) inserts into Acetabulum of Hip Bone
Distal end articulates with Tibia and Patella (Not Fibula)

28
Q

What are the Femur Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Head
Neck
Greater Trochanter
Intertrochanteric Line
Lesser Trochanter

Body (shaft)

Adductor Tubercle (medially)
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyle
Lateral Condyle
Medial Condyle

2- Posteriorly:

Intertrochanteric Crest

Linea Aspera

Intercondylar Fossa

29
Q

What is the Patella?

A

Patella is a triangular bone that develops in the Quadriceps tendon

Its posterior surface articulates with the Femur

30
Q

What are the Patella Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Base
Apex

2- Posteriorly:

Articular Facet for Medial Femoral Condyle
Articular Facet for Lateral Femoral Condyle

31
Q

What is the Tibia and Fibula?

A

Lower leg consists of Tibia and Fibula

Tibia’s proximal end articulates with Femur
Tibia’s distal end articulates with Talus bone of ankle

Tibial Tuberosity on the anterior surface is point of attachment for the Patellar Ligament

32
Q

What are the Tibia Markings?

A

1- Anteriorly:

Lateral Condyle
Medial Condyle
Tibial Tuberosity

Anterior Crest (border)
Interosseus Membrane

Medial Malleolus

2- Posteriorly:

Intercondylar Eminence

3- Laterally:

Fibular Notch (at distal end of Tibia)

33
Q

What are the Fibula Markings?

A

Head
Interosseus Membrane
Lateral Malleolus

34
Q

What is the Tarsus?

A

Tarsus:
Contains 7 Tarsal Bones

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
First (Medial) Cuneiform
Second (Intermediate) Cuneiform
Third (Lateral) Cuneiform

35
Q

Where are the Tarsal Bones?

A

Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Third (Lateral) Cuneiform
Second (Intermediate) Cuneiform
First (Medial) Cuneiform
Cuboid

36
Q

What is the Matetarsus?

A

Metatarsus is made of 5 Metatarsal Bones
Metatarsal 1-5 (I-V)

They make up sole and dorsal surface of foot

Proximal ends articulate with the 3 Cuneiform Bones and the Cuboid
Distal ends articulate with the Proximal Phalanges

37
Q

What is the Lower Limb Phalanges?

A

Phalanges are arranged like in hand

Big toe (Hallux) has Proximal Phalanx and Distal Phalanx
Other toes have Proximal, Middle, and Distal Phalanges

38
Q

What are the 2 Arches of the Foot?

A

The foot has 2 arches that are supported by ligaments and tendons

Purpose:
Allow the foot to support the weight of the body
Provide leverage while walking
Distribute body weight over foot

1- Longitudinal Arch:
Made of one medial portion and one lateral portion

2- Transvers Arch

39
Q

Where does Skeletal Tissue Develop from?

A

Most Skeletal Tissue arises from middle primary germ layer Mesoderm
Most of Skull arises from outer layer Ectoderm

Skeleton of Limb Girdles and Limbs derived from Mesoderm
Between Week 4 and 8 after fertilization, extensive growth and development in formation of limbs

40
Q

How do Skull Bones develop?

A

Cartilaginous Neurocranium (Hyaline cartilage) undergoes Endochondral Ossification

Membranous Neurocranium undergoes Intramembranous Ossification

41
Q

What is the Viscerocranium?

A

The bones of the face form from the Viscerocranium

Cartilaginous Viscerocranium comes from cartilages of the Pharyngeal Arches and this forms the Ear Bones and Hyoid Bone

Membranous Viscerocranium comes from Mesenchyme of the first Pharyngeal Arch, undergoes Intramembranous Ossification, and forms the Facial Bones

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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