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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Breathing and Respiration?

A

Respiration:
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells

The combination of 3 processes is required for Respiration to occur:
1- Ventilation (Breathing)
2- External (Pulmonary) Respiration
3- Internal (Tissue) Respiration

The CV System assist the Respiratory System by transporting gases

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2
Q

What is Components of the Respiratory System?

A

Structurally the components of the Respiratory System divided into:

1- Upper Respiratory System
2- Lower Respiratory System

Functionally the components of the Respiratory System are divided into:

1- Conducting Zone
2- Respiratory Zone

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3
Q

What are the Structures of the Upper Respiratory System?

A

The Upper Respiratory System:

1- Nose
2- Pharynx
3- Their associated structures

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4
Q

What are the Structures of the Lower Respiratory System?

A

The Lower Respiratory System:

1- Larynx
2- Trachea
3- Bronchi
4- Lungs

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5
Q

What is Cartilaginous Framework of Nose?

A

The external portion of the Nose is made of cartilage and skin, and it is lined with mucous membrane

Bony Framework:
1- Frontal bone
2- Nasal bones (left and right)
3- Maxilla

Cartilaginous Framework:
1- Lateral Nasal Cartilages (L&R, superior)
2- Septal Nasal Cartilage (medial)
3- Major Alar Cartilages (L&R, anterior)
4- Minor Alar Cartilages (L&R, 2 on each side, posterior, small)
5- Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue (posteroinferior)

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6
Q

What is Bony Framework of Nose?

A

Bony Framework:
1- Frontal bone
2- Nasal bones (left and right)
3- Maxilla

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7
Q

What is Surface Anatomy of Nose?

A

1- Root:
Superior attachment of Nose to Frontal Bone

2- Apex:
Tip of Nose

3- Bridge:
Bony framework of Nose formed by Nasal Bones

4- External Naris:
Nostrils, external opening into Nasal Cavity

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8
Q

What is Pharynx?

A

Pharynx:
Functions as a passageway for air and food
Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
Houses the Tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders

3 Regions:
1- Nasopharynx
2- Oropharynx
3- Laryngopharynx

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9
Q

What is Larynx?

A

Larynx:
Voice box
Passageway that connects the Pharynx and Trachea

Epiglottis
Hyoid Bone
Thyrohyoid Membrane
Leaf (posterior of Epiglottis)
Stem (posterior of Epiglottis)
Corniculate Cartilage (L&R, posterior, small)
Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
Arytenoid Cartilage (L&R, posterior, inferior to Corniculate Cartilage)
Cricothyroid Ligament (anterior)
Cricoid Cartilage (posterior and anterior deep to Thyroid Gland)
Cricotracheal Ligament (posterior)
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands (2 L&R posterior on Thyroid Gland)
Tracheal Cartilage (C-shaped incomplete posterior)

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10
Q

What is Larynx’s Folds?

A

Larynx:
Contains Vocal Folds, which produce sound when they vibrate

1- Vestibular Fold (superior):
False Vocal Cord

2- Laryngeal Sinus

3- Vocal Fold:
True Vocal Cord

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11
Q

What is Structures of Voice Production?

A

From a superior view:

1- Thyroid Cartilage
2- Cricoid Cartilage
3- Vocal Ligaments (L&R)
4- Vocal Folds
5- Vestibular Folds

6- Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle:
Moves Vocal Folds together

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12
Q

What is Trachea?

A

Trachea:
Extends from Larynx to the Primary Bronchi

Ciliated Epithelial Cells
Goblet Cells

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13
Q

What is Bronchi?

A

At the Superior Border of the 5th Thoracic Vertebra, the Trachea branches into a Right Primary Bronchus that enters the Right Lung, and a Left Primary Bronchus that enters the Left Lung

Carina:
Point of Trachea’s branching into Primary Bronchi

Upon entering the Lungs, The Primary Bronchi further divide to form smaller and smaller branches
The Terminal Bronchioles are the end of the Conducting Zone

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14
Q

What is the Branching of Bronchial Tree?

A

Branching of Bronchial Tree:
1- Trachea
2- Main (Primary) Bronchi
3- Lobar Bronchi
4- Segmental Bronchi
5- Bronchioles
6- Terminal Bronchioles

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15
Q

What is Airway Branching in both Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone?

A

1- Conducting Zone:
Transporting gases
Trachea (gen 0)
Main Bronchi (gen 1)
Lobar and Segmental Bronchi (gen 2-10)
Bronchioles and Terminal Bronchioles (gen 11-16)

2- Respiratory Zone:
Gas Exchange
Respiratory Bronchioles (gen 17-19)
Alveolar Ducts (gen 20-22)
Alveolar Sacs (gen 23)

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16
Q

What is Lungs?

A

Lungs:
Paired organs in the Thoracic Cavity
Enclosed and protected by the Pleural Membrane:
1- Parietal Pleura
2- Pleural Cavity
3- Visceral Pleura

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17
Q

What is Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs?

A

Apex of Lung:
Top point

Base of Lung:
Bottom part

1- Right Lung:
Apex
Superior Lobe
Horizontal Fissure
Middle Lobe
Oblique Fissure
Inferior Lobe
Base

2- Left Lung:
Apex
Superior Lobe
Cardiac Notch (Medial at Superior Lobe)
Oblique Fissure
Inferior Lobe
Base

Both Lungs have Hilum and its content in center of Lungs

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18
Q

What is Alveoli?

A

When the Conducting Zone ends at the Terminal Bronchioles, the Respiratory Zone begins

The Respiratory Zone terminates at the Alveoli, the “air sacs” found within the lungs

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19
Q

What is the Microscopic Airways Branching Tree?

A

1- Respiratory Bronchioles
2- Alveolar Ducts
3- Alveolar Sacs
4- Alveoli

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20
Q

What is Alveoli in a Lobule of a Lung?

A

Alveoli are sac-like structures

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21
Q

What is Alveolus?

A

There are 2 kinds of Alveolar Cells:

1- Type I:
Helps with filtering out dust
Helps with gas exchange

2- Type II (Septal Cell):
Release Surfactant Lubricant
Helps stay open
Helps gas exchange

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22
Q

What is Respiratory Membrane?

A

Respiratory Membrane is composed of:

1- A layer of Type I and Type II Alveolar Cells and associated Alveolar Macrophages that constitute the Alveolar Wall

2- An Epithelial Basement Membrane underlying the Alveolar Wall

3- A Capillary Basement Membrane that is often fused to the Epithelial Basement Membrane

4- The Capillary Endothelium (where diffusion happens)

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23
Q

What is Blood Supply to the Lungs?

A

Blood enter the Lungs via the Pulmonary Arteries (Pulmonary Circulation) and the Bronchial Arteries (Systemic Circulation)

Blood exits the Lungs via the Pulmonary Veins and the Bronchial Veins

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24
Q

What is Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling?

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling:
Vasoconstriction in response to Hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas
Makes sure blood supply rich in oxygen

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25
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Vestibule?

A

Conducting Structure
Nose

1- Epithelium:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Contains numerous Hairs

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26
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Respiratory Region?

A

Conducting Structure
Nose

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes (mucous)

4- Special Features:
Contains Conchae and Meatuses

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27
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Olfactory Region?

A

Conducting Structure
Nose

1- Epithelium:
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory Receptors

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Functions in Olfaction

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28
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Nasopharynx?

A

Conducting Structure
Pharynx

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains Internal Nares
Openings for Auditory Tube
Pharyngeal Tonsils

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29
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Oropharynx?

A

Conducting Structure
Pharynx

1- Epithelium:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for both air and food and drinks
Contains Fauces (opening from mouth)

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30
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Laryngopharynx?

A

Conducting Structure
Pharynx

1- Epithelium:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for both air and food and drinks

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31
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Larynx?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous above the Vocal Folds
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar below the Vocal Folds

2- Cilia:
None above Folds
Yes below Folds

3- Goblet Cells:
None above Folds
Yes below Folds

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains Vocal Folds for voice production

32
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Trachea?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep Trachea open

33
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Main Bronchi (Primary Bronchi)?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to maintain patency

34
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Lobar Bronchi?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains plates of cartilage to maintain patency

35
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Segmental Bronchi?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains plates of cartilage to maintain patency

36
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Larger Bronchioles?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Ciliated simple columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains more smooth muscle than in Bronchi

37
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Smaller Bronchioles?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Ciliated simple columnar

2- Cilia:
Yes

3- Goblet Cells:
Yes

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains more smooth muscle than in the Larger Bronchioles

38
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Terminal Bronchioles?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Nonciliated simple columnar

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Contains more smooth muscle than in Smaller Bronchioles

39
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Respiratory Bronchioles?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Simple cuboidal to simple squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Gas Exchange

40
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Alveolar Ducts?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Simple squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Gas Exchange
Produce Surfactant to maintain patency

41
Q

What is Epithelium, Cilia, Goblet Cells, and Special Features of Alveoli?

A

Conducting Structure

1- Epithelium:
Simple squamous

2- Cilia:
No

3- Goblet Cells:
No

4- Special Features:
Passageway for air
Gas Exchange
Produce Surfactant to maintain patency

42
Q

What are the 3 Basic Steps Involved in Respiration?

A

1- Rest:
Diaphragm relaxed
Alveolar pressure = Atm pressure
No air flow

2- Inhalation:
Diaphragm contracts
External Intercostals contract
Chest Cavity expands
Alveolar pressure < Atm pressure
Air flows into Lungs and Lung volume expands
During deep inhalation, Scalene and Sternocleidomastoid expand Chest Cavity further, more pressure difference, higher Lung volume

3- Exhalation:
Diaphragm relax
External Intercostals relax
Chest and Lungs recoil
Chest Cavity contract
Alveolar pressure > Atm Pressure
Air flows out of Lungs and Lung volume decreases
During forced exhalation, Internal Intercostals and Abdominal Muscles contract, reduce Chest Cavity size and increase Alveolar pressure more

Summary:
Atm = Alveolar - Nothing
Atm > Alveolar - Inhalation
Atm < Alveolar - Exhalation

43
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation:
Air flows between the atmosphere and Alveoli of Lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

Inhalation
Exhalation

44
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed in part by Boyle’s Law

The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure

45
Q

What is Muscles of Inhalation?

A

1- Sternocleidomastoid
2- Scalenes
3- External Intercostals
4- Diaphragm

46
Q

What is Muscles of Exhalation?

A

1- Internal Intercostals
2- External Obliques
3- Internal Obliques
4- Transversus Abdominis
5- Rectus Abdominis

47
Q

What are Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

1- Surface Tension:
Inwardly directed force in the Alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

2- Elastic Recoil:
Decreases the size of the Alveoli during expiration

3- Compliance:
Ease with which the Lungs and Thoracic Wall can be expanded

48
Q

What are some Breathing Patterns and Respiratory Movements?

A

1- Eupnea
2- Apnea
3- Dyspnea
4- Tachypnea
5- Costal Breathings
6- Diaphragmatic Breathing

49
Q

What is Coughing?

A

Long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the Rima Glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly pushes the Rima Glottidis open and sends a blast of air through the Upper Respiratory Passages

Stimulus for this reflex act may be foreign body lodged in Larynx, Trachea, or Epiglottis

50
Q

What is Sneezing?

A

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through nose and mouth

Stimulus may be an irritation of the Nasal Mucosa

51
Q

What is Sighing?

A

Long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation

52
Q

What is Yawning?

A

Deep inhalation through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the Mandible

May be stimulated by drowsiness, or someone’ else’s yawning
Precise cause unknown

53
Q

What is Sobbing?

A

Series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation
Rima Glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lungs with each inhalation

54
Q

What is Hiccupping?

A

Spasmodic contraction of the Diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the Rima Glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation

Stimulus is usually irritation of the sensory nerve endings of the GI Tract

55
Q

What is Lung Volumes and Capacities?

A

a- Volumes:

1- Tidal Volume (TV):
500mL

2- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
3,100mL

3- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
1,200mL

4- Residual Volume (RV):
1,200mL

b- Lung Capacities:

1- Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
3,600mL
IC = IRV + TV

2- Vital Capacity (VC):
4,800mL
VC = IRV + TV + ERV

3- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
2,400mL
FRC = ERV + RV

4- Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
6,000mL
TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

56
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present

57
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant

58
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

External Respiration:
Oxygen will diffuse from the Alveoli into the Pulmonary Capillaries
CO2 moves in opposite direction

59
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

Internal Respiration:
Oxygen will diffuse from the Systemic Capillaries into the tissue
CO2 moves in the opposite direction

60
Q

What is Oxygen in Respiratory System?

A

Oxygen:

1.5% of O2 is dissolved in Plasma
98.5% of O2 is carried by Hemoglobin (Hb)

61
Q

What is CO2 in Respiratory System?

A

CO2:

7% of CO2 is dissolved in Plasma
23% of CO2 is carried by Hb inside RBC as Carbaminohemoglobin
70% of CO2 is transported as Bicarbonate Ions HCO3

62
Q

What are Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hb for O2?

A

1- P(O2):
Higher = more affinity

2- pH
Higher = more affinity

3- Temperature
Lower = more affinity

4- BPG

5- Type of Hb:
Fetal more than Maternal

63
Q

What is Control of Respiration?

A

Locations of Areas of the Respiratory Center:

1- Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG):
In Pons

2- Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG):
In posterior part of Medulla Oblongata
Phrenic Nerve
Intercostal Nerve

3- Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG):
In anterior part of Medulla Oblongata

64
Q

What is Control of Respiration in Normal Quiet Breathing?

A

1- Normal Quiet Inhalation:

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) active:
In 2 seconds
Diaphragm contracts and External Intercostal Muscles contract during their most active phase
Normal quiet inhalation

2- Normal Quiet Exhalation:

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) inactive
In 3 seconds
Diaphragm relaxes and External Intercostal Muscles become less active and relax, followed by elastic recoil of Lungs

65
Q

What is Control of Respiration in Forceful Breathing?

A

1- Forceful Inhalation:

DRG activates VRG and Diaphragm contracts and External Intercostal Muscles contract during their most active stage
VRG (forceful inhalation neurons) makes Accessory muscles of inhalation (Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, and Pectoralis Minor) contract

2- Forceful Exhalation:

VRG (forceful exhalation neurons) makes Accessory muscles of exhalation (Internal Intercostals, External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Transversus Abdominis, and Rectus Abdominis) contract

66
Q

What is Cortical Influences on Respiration?

A

Cortical Influences:
Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

67
Q

What is Chemoreceptors for Respiration?

A

Chemoreceptors:
Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the Respiratory Center

1- Aortic Bodies in Arch of Aorta send nerve impulses along the Sensory Axons of Vagus Nerve X to Medulla Oblongata
2- Carotid Bodies in Carotid Sinus send nerve impulses along Sensory Axons in Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX to Medulla Oblongata

68
Q

What is Hypercapnea?

A

Slight increase in P(CO2) and thus H+
Stimulates Central Chemoreceptors

69
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Oxygen deficiency at tissue level
Caused by lo P(O2) in Arterial Blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction, or fluid in the Lungs

70
Q

What is Negative Feedback Loop for Blood Ph?

A

1- Arterial Blood P(CO2) increase, or decrease pH, or decrease P(O2)
2- Central Chemoreceptors in Medulla Oblongata and Peripheral Chemoreceptors in Aortic Arch and Carotid Bodies send nerve impulses to DRG in Medulla Oblongata
3- DRG in Medulla Oblongata sends nerve impulses to Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation, which then contract more forcefully and frequently (Hyperventilation)
4- Decrease Arterial Blood P(CO2), increase pH, increase P(O2)

71
Q

What is Stimuli that Increase Breathing Rate and Depth?

A

1- Prolonged pain

2- Decrease in BP

72
Q

What is Stimuli that Decrease Breathing Rate and Depth?

A

1- Severe pain

2- Increase in BP

73
Q

What is Exercise and Respiratory System?

A

Respiratory and CV Systems make adjustments in response to both the intensity and duration of exercise

As CO rises, Pulmonary Perfusion (blood flow to Lungs) increases as well

The O2 Diffusing Capacity may increase 3x during maximal exercise so there is a greater surface area available for O2 diffusion

74
Q

How does Aging affect Respiratory System?

A

Aging results in decreased:

1- Vital Capacity
2- Blood O2 level
3- Alveolar Macrophage activity
4- Ciliary action of Respiratory Epithelia

Consequently, elderly people are more susceptible to Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Emphysema, and other issues

75
Q

What are some Disorders of Respiratory System?

A

Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Common cold
Pulmonary Edema
Cystic Fibrosis
Asbestos-related diseases
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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