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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functions of the Spinal Cord?

A

1- Process reflexes
2- Integrate EPSP and IPSP
3- Conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

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2
Q

What is the Protection of the Spinal Cord?

A

Spinal Cord is protected by:

1- Bone (vertebrae)
2- Connective Tissue (meninges)
3- Fluid (CSF)

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3
Q

What are Meninges?

A

The meninges are composed of 3 layers (same for brain):

1- Dura Mater
2- Arachnoid Mater
3- Pia Mater

Epidural space - between Dura and bone
Subdural space - between Dura and Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space - between Arachnoid and Pia, where CSF is

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4
Q

What is the External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord?

A

The spinal cord begins as an extension of the Medulla Oblongata at the level of the Foramen Magnum
Terminates at the level of L2

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5
Q

What is the Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord?

A

Spinal Nerve (plus Nerve Impulses trajectories)
Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve (plus Axons of Motor Neurons)
Posterior Root of Spinal Nerve
Posterior Root Ganglion (plus Axon of Sensory Neuron)
Anterior Rootlets
Posterior Rootlets

Lateral White Column
Anterior White Column
Posterior White Column

Anterior Gray Horn (plus Cell Body of Somatic Motor Neuron)
Posterior Gray Horn (plus Cell Body of Interneuron)
Lateral Gray Horn (plus Cell Body of Autonomic Motor Neuron)

Anterior Median Fissure
Posterior Median Sulcus
Anterior White Commissure
Gray Commissure
Central Canal

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6
Q

What is Sensory and Motor Processing?

A

The internal anatomy of the spinal cord allows sensory and motor information to be processed in an organized way:

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

First, Sensory receptors (ex: in skin) send nerve impulses
Second, Nerve impulses travel along sensory neuron to posterior root ganglion
Then one of the following happens:

1- Nerve impulses go to Brain through Sensory (Ascending) Tract
Then back through Motor (Descending) Tract to Somatic Motor Neuron in the Spinal Cord
Then to Effectors (Skeletal Muscles) through Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve

2- Nerve impulses go to Interneuron in Spinal cord
Then go to Brain through Sensory (ascending) Tract
Then back through Motor (Descending) Tract to Somatic Motor Neuron in the Spinal Cord
Then to Effectors (Skeletal Muscles) through Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve

3- Nerve impulses go to Interneuron in Spinal Cord
Then go to Somatic Motor Neuron in the Spinal Cord
Then to Effectors (Skeletal Muscles) through Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Autonomic Motor Neuron in Spinal Cord sends nerve impulses
Nerve impulses go through Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve
Nerve impulses go to another Autonomic Motor Neuron to Effectors (Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscles, and Glands

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7
Q

What are the Characteristics of Cervical Segment of the Spinal Cord?

A

Relatively large diameter
Relatively large amounts of White Matter - oval

In upper Cervical segments (C1-C4):
Posterior Gray Horn is large
Anterior Gray Horn is relatively small

In lower Cervical segments (C5 and below)
Posterior Gray Horns are enlarged
Anterior Gray Horns are well developed

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8
Q

What are the Characteristics of Thoracic Segment of the Spinal Cord?

A

Small diameter due to relative small amounts of Gray Matter
(Except 1st Thoracic segment)

Anterior and Posterior Gray Horns are relatively small
Small Lateral Gray Horn is present

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9
Q

What are the Characteristics of Lumbar Segment of the Spinal Cord?

A

Nearly circular
Very large Anterior and Posterior Gray Horns
Small Lateral Gray Horn is present in upper segments
Relatively less White Matter than Cervical segment

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10
Q

What are the Characteristics of Sacral Segment of the Spinal Cord?

A

Relatively small
Relatively large amounts of Gray Matter
Relatively small amounts of White Matter

Anterior and Posterior Gray Horns are large and thick

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11
Q

What are the Characteristics of Coccygeal Segment of the Spinal Cord?

A

Resembles lower Sacral spinal segments but much smaller

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12
Q

What are Spinal Nerves?

A

Part of PNS
Spinal Nerves connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves

Anterior and Posterior Roots attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the Structure of Spinal Nerves?

A

Epineurium: covers spinal nerve
Fascicles and blood vessels inside spinal nerve

Perineurium: covers each Fascicle
Many Axons inside Fascicle

Endoneurium: covers each Axon
Many Axons covered by Myelin Sheath

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14
Q

What are Branches of a Spinal Nerve?

A

Shortly after passing through its intervertebral foramen, a spinal nerve divides into several branches known as Rami

Rami: branches of a spinal nerve

ex:
Anterior Ramus
Posterior Ramus
Meningeal Branch
Rami Communicantes

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15
Q

What is Dermatome?

A

Certain segments of the skin are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain

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16
Q

What is Cervical Plexus?

A

Cervical Plexus: C1-C5

Supplies the skin and muscles of the:
Head
Neck
Superior portion of shoulders and chest
Diaphragm

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17
Q

What are the Superficial (Sensory) Branches of Cervical Plexus Nerves?

A

Lesser Occipital nerve
Great Auricular nerve
Transverse Cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerve

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18
Q

What is Lesser Occipital Nerve?

A

Origin:
C2

Distribution:
Skin of scalp posterior and superior to ear

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19
Q

What is Great Auricular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C2-C3

Distribution:
Skin anterior, inferior, and over ear
Over Parotid glands

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20
Q

What is Transverse Cervical Nerve?

A

Origin:
C2-C3

Distribution:
Skin over anterior and lateral aspect of neck

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21
Q

What is Supraclavicular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C3-C4

Distribution:
Skin over superior portion of chest and shoulder

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22
Q

What are the Deep (Largely Motor) Branches of Cervical Plexus Nerves?

A

Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis nerve
Inferior Root of Ansa Cervicalis nerve
Phrenic nerve
Segmental Branches nerve

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23
Q

What is Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis Nerve?

A

Origin:
C1

Distribution:
Infrahyoid and Geniohyoid muscles of neck

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24
Q

What is Segmental Branches Nerve?

A

Origin:
C1-C5

Distribution:
Prevertebral (deep) muscles of neck
Levator Scapulae
Middle Scalene muscles

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24
Q

What is Inferior Root of Ansa Cervicalis Nerve?

A

Origin:
C2-C3

Distribution:
Infrahyoid muscle of neck

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25
Q

What is Phrenic Nerve?

A

Origin:
C3-C5

Distribution:
Diaphragm

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26
Q

What is Brachial Plexus?

A

Brachial Plexus: C4- T2

Provides almost the entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs

Subunits of the Brachial Plexus: (Risk Takers Don’t Cautiously Behave)
1- Roots
2- Trunks (Superior, Middle, Inferior)
3- Divisions (Anterior and Posterior)
4- Cords (Medial, Posterior, Lateral)
5- Branches

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27
Q

What are the Nerves of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Dorsal Scapular nerve
Long Thoracic nerve
Nerve to Subclavius
Suprascapular nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral Pectoral nerve
Upper Subscapular nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Lower Subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Medial Pectoral nerve
Medial Cutaneous nerve of arm
Medial Cutaneous nerve of forearm
Ulnar nerve

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28
Q

What is Dorsal Scapular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5

Distribution:
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid Minor

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29
Q

What is Long Thoracic Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C7

Distribution:
Serratus Anterior
(If affected, leads to winged scapula)

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30
Q

What is Nerve to Subclavius?

A

Origin:
C5-C6

Distribution:
Subclavius muscle

31
Q

What is Suprascapular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C6

Distribution:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

32
Q

What is Musculocutaneous Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C7

Distribution:
Coracobrachialis
Biceps Brachii
brachialis

33
Q

What is Lateral Pectoral Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C7

Distribution:
Pectoralis Major

34
Q

What is Upper Subscapular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C6

Distribution:
Subscapularis

35
Q

What is Thoracodorsal Nerve?

A

Origin:
C6-C8

Distribution:
Latissimus Dorsi

36
Q

What is Lower Subscapular Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C6

Distribution:
Subscapularis
Teres Major

37
Q

What is Axillary Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-C6

Distribution:
Deltoid
Teres Minor
Skin over Deltoid and superior aspect of arm

38
Q

What is Median Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-T1

Distribution:
Flexors of forearm, except Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Ulnar half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Some muscles of hand (lateral palm)
Skin of lateral 2/3 of palm of hand and fingers

39
Q

What is Radial Nerve?

A

Origin:
C5-T1

Distribution:
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
Extensor muscles of forearm
Skin of posterior arm and forearm, lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand, and fingers over proximal and middle phalanges

40
Q

What is Medial Pectoral Nerve?

A

Origin:
C8-T1

Distribution:
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor

41
Q

What is Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Arm?

A

Origin:
C8-T1

Distribution:
Skin of medial and posterior aspects of distal third of arm

42
Q

What is Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Forearm?

A

Origin:
C8-T1

Distribution:
Skin of medial and posterior aspects of forearm

43
Q

What is Ulnar Nerve?

A

Origin:
C8-T1

Distribution:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Ulnar half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Most muscles of hand
Skin of medial side of hand, little finger, and medial half of ring finger

44
Q

What is Lumbar Plexus Nerves?

A

Lumbar Plexus: T12-L5

Roots, Anterior Divisions, Posterior Divisions

Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve

45
Q

What is Iliohypogastric Nerve?

A

Origin:
L1

Distribution:
Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall
Skin of inferior abdomen and buttock

46
Q

What is Ilioinguinal Nerve?

A

Origin:
L1

Distribution:
Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall
Skin of superior and medial aspects of thigh, root of penis, and scrotum in male, and Labia Majora and Mons Pubis in female

47
Q

What is Genitofemoral Nerve?

A

Origin:
L1-L2

Distribution:
Cremaster
Skin over middle anterior surface of thigh, scrotum in make, and Labia Majora in female

48
Q

What is Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh?

A

Origin:
L2-L3

Distribution:
Skin over lateral, anterior, and posterior aspects of thigh

49
Q

What is Femoral Nerve?

A

Origin:
L2-L4

Distribution:
Largest nerve arising from Lumbar Plexus
Distributed to flexor muscles of hip joint
Extensor muscles of knee joint
Skin over anterior and medial aspects of thigh and medial side of leg and foot

50
Q

What is Obturator Nerve?

A

Origin:
L2-L4

Distribution:
Adductor muscles of hip joint
Skin over medial aspect of thigh

51
Q

What is Sacral Plexus Nerves?

A

Sacral Plexus: L4-S5

Roots, Anterior Division, Posterior Division

Superior Gluteal nerve
Inferior Gluteal nerve
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus
Nerve to Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus
Perforating Cutaneous nerve
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Medial Plantar nerve
Lateral Plantar nerve
Common Fibular nerve
Superficial Fibular nerve
Deep Fibular nerve

52
Q

What is Superior Gluteal Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-L5
S1

Distribution:
Gluteus Minimus
Gluteus Medius
Tensor Fasciae Latae

53
Q

What is Inferior Gluteal Nerve?

A

Origin:
L5-S2

Distribution:
Gluteus Maximus

54
Q

What is Nerve to Piriformis?

A

Origin:
S1-S2

Distribution:
Piriformis

55
Q

What is Nerve to Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus?

A

Origin:
L4-L5
S1

Distribution:
Quadratus Femoris
Inferior Gemellus

56
Q

What is Nerve to Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus?

A

Origin:
L5-S2

Distribution:
Obturator Internus
Superior Gemellus

57
Q

What is Perforating Cutaneous Nerve?

A

Origin:
S2-S3

Distribution:
Skin over inferior medial aspect of lower leg

58
Q

What is Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh?

A

Origin:
S1-S3

Distribution:
Skin over anal region, inferior lateral aspect of buttock, superior posterior aspect of thigh, superior part of calf, scrotum in male, Labia Majora in female

59
Q

What is Pudendal Nerve?

A

Origin:
S2-S4

Distribution:
Muscles of Perineum
Skin of penis and scrotum in male and Clitoris, Labia majora, Labia Minora and Vagina in female

60
Q

What is Sciatic Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S3

Distribution:
2 Nerves - Tibial Nerve and Common Fibular Nerve
Bound together by common sheath of connective tissue
Splits into 2 divisions usually at knee
As Sciatic Nerve descends through thigh, it sends branches to Hamstring muscles and Adductor Magnus

61
Q

What is Tibial Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S3

Distribution:
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Popliteus
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Branches of Tibial Nerve in foot are Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerve

62
Q

What is Medial Plantar Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S3

Distribution:
Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Skin over medial 2/3 of plantar surface of foot

63
Q

What is Lateral Plantar Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S3

Distribution:
Remaining muscles of foot not supplied by Medial Plantar Nerve
Skin over lateral 1/3 of plantar surface of foot

64
Q

What is Common Fibular Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S2

Distribution:
Divides into Superficial Fibular Nerve and Deep Fibular Nerve

65
Q

What is Superficial Fibular Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S2

Distribution:
Fibularis Longus
Fibularis Brevis
Skin over distal 1/3 of anterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot

66
Q

What is Deep Fibular Nerve?

A

Origin:
L4-S2

Distribution:
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Fibularis Tertius
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes

67
Q

What is Spinal Cord Physiology?

A

In order to maintain homeostasis, the spinal cord must propagate nerve impulses and integrate information

White Matter Tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the Brain

Gray Matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes

68
Q

Where are Sensory Tracts?

A

Sensory Tracts:

1- Posterior Column:
Gracile Fasciculus (medial)
Cuneate Fasciculus (lateral)

2- Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

3- Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

69
Q

Where are Motor Tracts?

A

1- Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract

2- Rubrospinal Tract

3- Lateral Reticulospinal Tract
Medial Reticulospinal Tract

4- Vestibulospinal Tract

5- Tectospinal Tract

70
Q

What is Reflexes and Reflex Arcs?

A

A reflex is a fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus

Reflexes help maintain homeostasis

The Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord serves as the integrating center for spinal reflexes

Reflex Arc:
Sensory Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Spinal Cord
Motor Nerve
Effector

71
Q

What are Reflex Arcs Terms?

A

Ipsilateral (same side)
Contralateral (opposite side)
Monosynaptic
Polysynaptic
Reciprocal Innervation (avoidance of commotion/confusion)

Hemiplegia: 1/2 paralysis
Monoplegia: 1 limb paralysis
Paraplegia: Lower half Paralysis
Quadriplegia: 4 limb paralysis

-Plegia: Complete death
-Paresis: Weakness

72
Q

What is Stretch Reflex?

A

Causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched

1- Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
2- Sensory neuron excited
3- Within integrating center (spinal cord), sensory neuron activates motor neuron and inhibits motor neuron to antagonistic muscles
4- Motor neuron excited
5- Effector (same muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching

73
Q

What is Tendon Reflex?

A

Causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon

1- Increase tension stimulates sensory receptor (tendon organ)
2- Sensory neuron excited
3- Within integrating center (spinal cord) sensory neuron activates inhibitory interneuron, motor neuron to antagonistic muscles is excited, antagonistic muscle contracts
4- Motor neuron inhibited
5- Effector (muscle attached to same tendon) relaxes and relieves excess tension

74
Q

What is Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex?

A

Causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury or pain

1- Step on tack stimulates sensory receptor (dendrites of pain-sensitive neuron)
2- Sensory neuron excited
3- Within integrating center (spinal cord) sensory neuron activates interneurons in several spinal cord segments
4- Motor neuron excited
5- Effectors (flexor muscles) contract and withdraw leg

75
Q

What is Crossed-Extensor Reflex?

A

Maintains balance during a withdrawal reflex

1- Step on a tack stimulates sensory receptor (dendrites of pain-sensitive neuron) in right foot
2- Sensory neuron excited
3- Within integrating center (spinal cord) sensory neuron activates several interneurons
4- Motor neurons excited
5- Effector (extensor muscles) contract and extend left leg

76
Q

What are some Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Disorders?

A

Traumatic injuries:
Monoplegia
Paraplegia
Hemiplegia
Quadriplegia

Damage that results from traumatic injuries depends on :
Degree of spinal cord section
Or
Degree of compression of the segments involved

Spinal Cord compression
Degenerative disease

Shingles:
1st Time chicken pox, goes to dorsal roots of spine and wait until body is weaker, then acts when immune system is weak

Poliomyelitis:
GI virus, goes to spinal cord

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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