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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 15 - The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Somatic Nervous System?

A

Somatic Nervous System:
Includes both sensory and motor neurons

Sensory neurons are related to:
Touch
Pain
Temperature
Proprioception (sense of self position
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Equilibrium

Motor neurons:
Innervate skeletal muscles
Axon of single myelinated Somatic motor neuron extends from CNS to skeletal muscle fiber it innervates

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2
Q

What is Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Autonomic Nervous System:

Receives input from sensory receptors located in:
Organs
Blood vessels
Muscles
Nervous System

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3
Q

What is Autonomic Motor Pathway?

A

Most Autonomic Motor Pathways consist of 2 motor neurons in series:

1- Preganglionic Neuron
2- Postganglionic Neuron

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4
Q

What is Preganglionic Neuron?

A

Preganglionic Neuron:
Cell body in CNS
Axon extends to an Autonomic Ganglion
Uses ACh

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5
Q

What is Postganglionic Neuron?

A

Postganglionic Neuron:
Has its unmyelinated axon extending from the Ganglion to the Effector

Sympathetic:
pre- ACh in ganglion
post- Norepinephrine at Effectors (Glands, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle)

Sympathetic:
pre- ACh in Adrenal Gland
post- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine at Effector (Blood vessels)

Parasympathetic:
pre- ACh at ganglion
post- ACh at Effector (Glands, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle)

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6
Q

What are the 2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Autonomic Nervous System divided into 2 Divisions:

1- Sympathetic Nervous System:
Fight-or-flight Division
Stimulation leads to increased alertness and metabolism to be ready for an emergency
(fast, tachycardia)

2- Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Rest-and-digest Division
Stimulation slows down most body activity
(slow, bradycardia)

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7
Q

What is Sensory Input?

A

1- SNS:
From somatic senses and special senses

2- ANS:
Mainly from Interoceptors
Some from somatic senses and special senses

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8
Q

What is Control of Motor Output?

A

1- SNS:
Voluntary control from Cerebral Cortex

With contributions from:
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

2- ANS:
Involuntary control from:
Hypothalamus
Limbic System
Brainstem
Spinal Cord

Limited control from Cerebral Cortex

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9
Q

What is Motor Neuron Pathway?

A

1- SNS:
One-neuron pathway:
Somatic motor neurons extending from CNS synapse directly with effector

2- ANS:
Usually 2-neuron pathway:
Preganglionic neurons extending from CNS synapse to Postganglionic neuron in Autonomic Ganglion
Postganglionic neuron extending from Ganglion synapse to Visceral Effector

Alternatively, Preganglionic neuron may extend from CNS synapse to Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla

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10
Q

What is Neurotransmitters and Hormones?

A

1- SNS:
All somatic motor neurons release only ACh

2- ANS:
All Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Preganglionic neurons release ACh

Most Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons release Norepinephrine
Those of most Sweat Glands release ACh

All Parasympathetic Postganglionic neurons release ACh
Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla of Adrenal Gland release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is Effectors?

A

1- SNS:
Skeletal muscles

2- ANS:
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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12
Q

What is Responses?

A

1- SNS:
Contraction of skeletal muscle

2- ANS:
Contraction or relaxation of Smooth muscle
Increased or decreased rate and force of contraction of Cardiac muscle
Increased or decreased secretions of Glands

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13
Q

How are Motor Neurons of the ANS connected?

A

Each division of the ANS has 2 motor neurons:

1- Preganglionic Neuron:
Cell body in CNS

2- Postganglionic Neuron
Cell body and Dendrites in Autonomic Ganglion
Synapse with Preganglionic Axons in Autonomic Ganglion

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14
Q

Where are Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Neurons of Sympathetic Division?

A

Sympathetic Division:

Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Neurons are located in Lateral Horns of Gray Matter in the 12 Thoracic and first 2 or 3 Lumbar segments of Spinal Cord

(Thoracolumbar region)

The paired Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia are anterior and lateral to the vertebral column

Usually:
2 Cervical Ganglia
11 or 12 Thoracic Ganglia
4 or 5 Lumbar Ganglia
4 or 5 Sacral Ganglia
1 Coccygeal Ganglion

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15
Q

Where are Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Neurons of Parasympathetic Division?

A

Parasympathetic Division:

Cell Bodies of Preganglionic Neurons are in:

1- Nuclei of 4 Cranial Nerves:
CN III (Oculomotor)
CN VII (Facial)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)

2- Brainstem

3- Lateral Gray Matter of Sacral segments 2-4 of Spinal Cord

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16
Q

What are the 2 Types of Autonomic Ganglia?

A

There are 2 types of Autonomic Ganglia?

1- Sympathetic
2- Parasympathetic

There are 2 major types of Sympathetic Ganglia:

1- Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia:
Two of them, lie in vertebral row on either side of vertebral column

2- Prevertebral Ganglia:
Lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries

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17
Q

How does Axon of Sympathetic Preganglionic Neuron connect with Postganglionic Neuron?

A

After Axons of Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons enter Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia, the may connect with Postganglionic Neurons in one of 4 ways:

1- An Axon may synapse with Postganglionic Neuron in the 1st Ganglion it reaches

2- An Axon may ascend or descend to a higher or lower ganglion before synapsing with Postganglionic Neuron

3- An Axon may continue, without synapsing, through the Sympathetic Trunk Ganglion to end at a Prevertebral Ganglion and synapse with Postganglionic Neurons

4- An Axon may also pass, without synapsing, through the Sympathetic Trunk Ganglion and a Prevertebral Ganglion and then extend to the Adrenal Medullae

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18
Q

What is the Abdomen and Pelvis Major Autonomic Plexuses?

A

The abdomen and pelvis contain major Autonomic Plexuses which are often named after the artery along which they are distributed

These include:
Celiac (Solar) Plexus
Superior Mesenteric Plexus
Inferior Mesenteric Plexus
Renal Plexus
Hypogastric Plexus

19
Q

What is Cranial Parasympathetic Outflow?

A

Cranial Parasympathetic Outflow:
Extends from Brainstem in 4 Cranial Nerves:
CN III (Oculomotor)
CN VII (Facial)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)

20
Q

What is Sacral Parasympathetic Outflow?

A

Sacral Parasympathetic Outflow:
Extends from 2nd through 4th Sacral Spinal Nerve

21
Q

What are ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors?

A

Based on neurotransmitters they produce and release, Autonomic neurons are considered:

1- Cholinergic:
All Preganglionic neurons
Release ACh

Cholinergic Receptors include:
Nicotinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors

2- Adrenergic:
Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons
Release Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin)

22
Q

What is Cholinergic Receptor?

A

Location:
Integral proteins in Postsynaptic plasma membranes
Activated by ACh

23
Q

What is Nicotinic Receptor?

A

Type of Cholinergic Receptor

Location and Effect of Activation:

1- Plasma membrane of Postganglionic Sympathetic and Parasympathetic neurons

Excitation - impulses in Postganglionic neurons

2- Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medullae

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine secretion

3- Sarcolemma of skeletal muscle

Excitation - Contraction

24
Q

What is Muscarinic Receptor?

A

Type of Cholinergic Receptor

Location and Effect of Activation:

1- Effectors innervated by Parasympathetic Postganglionic neurons

In some receptors, excitation
In others, inhibition

2- Sweat Glands innervated by Cholinergic Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons

Increased sweating

3- Skeletal muscle blood vessels innervated by Cholinergic Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons

Inhibition - Relaxation - Vasodilation

25
Q

What is Adrenergic Receptor?

A

Location:
Integral proteins in Postsynaptic plasma membranes
Activated by Norepinephrine neurotransmitter
And the hormones Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

26
Q

What is Alpha-1 Receptor?

A

Type of Adrenergic receptor

Location:
Smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels that serve salivary glands, skin, mucosal membranes, kidneys, and abdominal viscera
Radial muscle in Iris of eye
Sphincter muscles of stomach and urinary bladder

Effects of Activation:
Excitation - contraction
Which causes vasoconstriction, dilation of pupil, closing of sphincters

27
Q

What is Alpha-2 receptor?

A

Type of Adrenergic Receptor

Location and Effect of Activation:

1- Salivary gland cells

Secretion of K+ and water

2- Sweat glands on palms and soles

Increase sweating

3- Smooth muscle fibers in some blood vessels

Inhibition - Relaxation - Vasodilation

4- Cells of Pancreatic Islets that secrete Insulin (Beta Cells)

Decreased Insulin secretion

5- Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Inhibition of digestive enzyme secretion

6- Platelets in blood

Aggregation to form platelet plug

28
Q

What is Beta-1 Receptor?

A

Type of Adrenergic Receptor

Locations and Effect of Activation:

1- Cardiac muscle fibers

Excitation - Increased force and rate of contraction

2- Juxtaglomerular Cells of kidneys

Renin secretion

3- Posterior Pituitary

ADH secretion

4- Adipose Cells

Breakdown of triglycerides - release of fatty acids into blood

29
Q

What is Beta-2 Receptor?

A

Type of Adrenergic Receptor
(resembles Alpha-2 Receptor)

Locations and Effects of Activation

1- Smooth muscle in walls of airways
In blood vessels that serve heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver
In walls of visceral organs, such as urinary bladder

Inhibition - Relaxation, which causes dilation of airways, vasodilation, and relaxation of organ walls

2- Ciliary muscle in eye

Inhibition - Relaxation

3- Hepatocytes in liver

Glycogenolysis (breakdown of Glycogen into Glucose)

30
Q

What is Beta-3 Receptor?

A

Type of Adrenergic Receptor

Location:
Brown Adipose Tissue

Effects of Activation:
Thermogenesis

31
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Adrenal Medullae?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Secretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Nicotinic ACh Receptors)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

No know effects

32
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Sweat Glands?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Increases sweating in most body regions (Muscarinic ACh receptors)
Sweating on palms and soles (Alpha-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

No know effects

33
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Cardiac Muscle?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Increased HR and force of Atrial and Ventricular contractions (Beta-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Decreased HR
Decreased force of Atrial contraction

34
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Iris Radial Muscle?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Contraction - Dilation of pupil (Alpha-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

No know effects

35
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Iris Circular Muscle?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

No know effects

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Contraction - Constriction of pupil

36
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Ciliary Muscle of Eye?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Relaxation to adjust shape of Lens for distant vision (Beta-2)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Contraction for close vision

37
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Urinary Bladder?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Relaxation of muscular wall (Beta-2)
Contraction of internal urethral sphincter (Alpha-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Contraction of muscular wall
Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

38
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Lung Bronchial Muscle?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Relaxation - Airway dilation (Beta-2)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Contraction - airway constriction

39
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Uterus?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Inhibits contraction in nonpregnant women (Beta-2)
Promotes contraction in pregnant women (Alpha-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Minimal effect

40
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Hair Follicles, Arrector Pili Muscle?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Contraction - erection of hairs resulting in goose bumps (Alpha-1)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

No known effects

41
Q

What are the Effects of ANS on Coronary (Heart) Arterioles?

A

1- Sympathetic Stimulation (Alpha or Beta Adrenergic Receptors):

Relaxation - Vasodilation (Beta-2)
Contraction - Vasoconstriction (Alpha-1 and Alpha-2)
Contraction - Vasoconstriction (Muscarinic ACh receptors)

2- Parasympathetic Stimulation (Muscarinic ACh Receptors)

Contraction - Vasoconstriction

42
Q

What is Integration and Control in ANS?

A

Some functions are controlled by Autonomic Reflexes that occur when nerve impulses pass through an Autonomic Reflex Arc:

HR and force of ventricular contraction
BP and blood vessel diameter

The Reflex Arc is composed of:
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Integrating Center
Motor Neuron
Effector

43
Q

What are some ANS Disorders?

A

1- Autonomic Dysreflexia

2- Raynaud Phenomenon

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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