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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 21 - The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Layers of a Blood Vessel?

A

In general, a Blood Vessel has 3 layers:

1- Tunica Interna (Tunica Intima):
Innermost layer
Adjacent to Lumen

2- Tunica Media:
Middle layer
Smooth muscle and Elastic Fibers
Thicker in arteries than in veins

3- Tunica Externa:
Outermost layer
Adjacent to surround tissue

(veins have more blood flow because of larger lumen compared to arteries)

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2
Q

What is Components of Tunica Interna in Arteries?

A

From deep to superficial:

1- Endothelium
2- Basement Membrane
3- Internal Elastic Lamina

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3
Q

What is Components of Tunica Media in Arteries?

A

From deep to superficial:

1- Smooth Muscle
2- External Elastic Lamina

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4
Q

What is Components of Tunica Interna in Veins?

A

From deep to superficial:

1- Endothelium
Valves made from Endothelium
2- Basement Membrane

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5
Q

What is Components of Tunica Media in Veins?

A

Smooth Muscle

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6
Q

What is Components of a Capillary?

A

From deep to superficial:

1- Endothelium
2- Basement Membrane

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7
Q

What is Artery?

A

Artery:
Carry blood away from heart to tissues

Walls of arteries are elastic, which allows them to absorb the pressure created by ventricles of the heart as they pump blood into the arteries

Because of smooth muscle in the Tunica Media, arteries can regulate their diameter

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8
Q

What are the Types of Arteries?

A

1- Elastic Arteries (Conducting Arteries):
Large diameter
More elastic fibers
Less smooth muscle
Function as pressure reservoirs

2- Muscular Arteries (Distributing Arteries):
Medium diameter
More smooth muscles
Fewer elastic fibers
Distribute blood to various parts of the body

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9
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A

Anastomosis:
Union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same region of the body
Provide alternative route for blood flow

End Arteries:
Arteries that do not form an Anastomosis
If an End Artery is blocked, blood cannot get to that particular region of the body, and Necrosis can occur

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10
Q

What is Capillary?

A

Thin Squamous Cells

Capillaries:
Microscopic vessels that usually connect Arterioles and Venules

Capillary Wall:
Composed of a single layer of cells and a Basement Membrane
Because their walls are so thin, Capillaries permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells

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11
Q

What is Blood Flow Through Capillaries?

A

Capillaries branch to form an extensive capillary network throughout the tissues and are found near almost every cell in body

Eases off BP

1- If Precapillary Sphincters relaxed:
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Capillary and Thoroughfare Channel
Postcapillary Venule
Venule

2- If Precapillary Sphincters contracted:
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Thoroughfare Channel
Postcapillary Venule
Venule

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12
Q

What is Types of Capillaries?

A

1- Continuous Capillary:
Basement Membrane complete
Pinocytic Vesicles
Intercellular Clefts small

2- Fenestrated Capillary:
Basement Membrane complete
Pinocytic Vesicles
Intercellular Clefts small
Fenestrations (pores)

3- Sinusoid Capillary:
Basement Membrane incomplete
No Pinocytic Vesicles
Intercellular Clefts large
Bigger molecules can pass through

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13
Q

What is Venule?

A

Venules:
Small vessels that are formed by the union of several capillaries
Darin blood from capillaries into Veins

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14
Q

What is Vein?

A

Veins:
Formed by union of several Venules

Compared to arteries, veins have:
Thinner Tunica Interna and Tunica Media
Thicker Tunica externa
Less Elastic tissue
Less smooth muscle
Contain Valves that allow blood to flow through

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15
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Elastic Artery?

A

1- Size:
Largest in body

2- Tunica Interna:
Well-defined Internal Elastic Lamina

3- Tunica Media:
Thick dominated by elastic fibers
Well-defined External Elastic Lamina

4- Tunica Externa:
Thinner than Tunica Media

5- Function:
Conduct blood from heart to Muscular Arteries

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16
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Muscular Artery?

A

1- Size:
Medium-sized arteries

2- Tunica Interna:
Well-defined Internal Elastic Lamina

3- Tunica Media:
Thick dominated by smooth muscle
Thin External Elastic Lamina

4- Tunica Externa:
Thicker than Tunica Media

5- Function:
Distribute blood to Arterioles

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17
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Arterioles?

A

1- Size:
Microscopic

2- Tunica Interna:
Thin with a Fenestrated Internal Elastic Lamina that disappears distally

3- Tunica Media:
1 or 2 layers of circularly oriented smooth muscle
Distalmost smooth muscle cell forms a Precapillary Sphincter

4- Tunica Externa:
Loose collagenous connective tissue and sympathetic nerves

5- Function:
Deliver blood to capillaries
Help regulate blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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18
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Capillary?

A

1- Size:
Microscopic
Smallest in body

2- Tunica Interna:
Endothelium
Basement Membrane

3- Tunica Media:
None

4- Tunica Externa:
None

5- Function:
Permit exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid
Distribute blood to Postcapillary Venules

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19
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Postcapillary Venule?

A

1- Size:
Microscopic

2- Tunica Interna:
Endothelium
Basement Membrane

3- Tunica Media:
None

4- Tunica Externa:
None

5- Function:
Pass blood into Muscular Venules
Permits exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid
Function in WBC Emigration (Diapedesis)

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20
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Muscular Venule?

A

1- Size:
Microscopic

2- Tunica Interna:
Endothelium
Basement Membrane

3- Tunica Media:
1 or 2 layers of circularly oriented smooth muscle

4- Tunica Externa:
Sparse

5- Function:
Pass blood into Veins
Act as a reservoir for accumulating large volumes of blood along with Postcapillary Venules

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21
Q

What is Size, Description of Layers, and Function of Veins?

A

1- Size:
0.5mm to 3cm

2- Tunica Interna:
Endothelium
Basement Membrane
No Internal Elastic Lamina
Contain Valves
Lumen larger than in accompanying artery

3- Tunica Media:
Much thinner than arteries
No External Elastic Lamina

4- Tunica Externa:
Thickest of the 3 layers

5- Function:
Return blood to heart
Facilitated by Valves in limb veins

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22
Q

What is Blood Distribution?

A

At rest, largest portion of blood is in Systemic Veins and Venules, which are considered Blood Reservoirs

1- Systemic Veins and Venules: 64%
2- Systemic Arteries and Arterioles: 13%
3- Pulmonary Vessels: 9%
4- Heart: 7%
5 Systemic Capillaries: 7%

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23
Q

What is Capillary Exchange?

A

Substances cross Capillary Walls by:

1- Diffusion
2- Transcytosis
3- Bulk Flow

24
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion:
Substances such as oxygen, CO2, Glucose, Amino Acids, and some hormones cross capillary walls via simple diffusion

(Passive)

25
What is Transcytosis?
Transcytosis: Large, Lipid-insoluble molecules (like Insulin) cross capillary walls in vesicles Endocytosis then pass through membrane then Exocytosis
26
What is Bulk Flow?
Bulk Flow: Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in same direction Occurs from area of higher concentration/pressure to area of lower concentration/pressure, and it continues as long as a gradient exists More important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
27
What is Filtration?
Filtration: Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid Both promote Filtration: 1- Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP): Pressure against walls 2- Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)
28
What is Reabsorption?
Reabsorption: Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries Both promote Reabsorption: 1- Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP) 2- Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP): How many bulky molecules are inside
29
What is Net Filtration Rate?
Net Filtration Rate (NFR): NFR = ( BHP - IFOP ) - ( BCOP + IFHP ) Arterial End: Net Filtration Venous End: Net Reabsorption
30
What is Starling's Law of the Capillaries?
Under normal conditions, the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered NFR = ( BHP - IFOP ) - ( BCOP + IFHP )
31
What is Factors Affecting Blood Flow?
Blood Flow: Volume of blood that flows through any given tissue in a given period (ml/min) Total Blood Flow: Cardiac Output (CO), the volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute CO = HR x SV CO = Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) / Resistance (R) CO = MAP / R MAP = Diastolic BP + (1/3) x (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP)
32
What is Blood Pressure (BP)?
BP: Contraction of the ventricles generate BP BP is determined by: 1- CO 2- Blood Volume 3- Vascular Resistance The higher the BP, the greater the Blood Flow
33
What is Vascular Resistance (R)?
R: Opposition to Blood Flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels The higher the R, the smaller the Blood Flow R depends on: 1- Size of blood vessel lumen 2- Blood Viscosity 3- Total blood vessel length
34
What is Venous Return?
Venous Return: Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins Occurs due to pressure generated by contractions of the heart's Left Ventricle Venous Return is assisted by: 1- Valves 2- Respiratory Pump 3- Skeletal Muscle Pump
35
What is Skeletal Muscle Pump?
Unique Valves and muscles contractions act as pumps Allow backflow to feet and up against gravity
36
What is Velocity of Blood Flow?
Blood Flow: Volume of blood that flows through a tissue in a given period of time Blood Flow is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of blood vessels
37
What is Control of BP and Blood Flow?
Medulla Oblongata contains a Cardiovascular Center CV Center: Group of neurons that regulate: 1- HR 2- Contractility 3- Blood vessel diameter Baroreceptors are important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the Atria
38
What is Negative Feedback Loop of BP?
1- BP decrease 2- Baroreceptors in Carotid Sinus and Arch of Aorta stretch less which decreases rate of nerve impulse 3- CV Center in Medulla Oblongata increase Sympathetic stimulation and decrease Parasympathetic stimulation 4- Adrenal Medulla increase secretion of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 5- Heart increase SV and HR which increase CO 6- Blood vessels constrict which increases Systemic Vascular Resistance 7- BP increase
39
What is the Effect on BP from Increased HR and Contractility?
1- Hormone: Norepinephrine Epinephrine 2- Effect on BP: Increase
40
What is the Effect on BP from Vasoconstriction?
1- Hormone: Angiotensin II ADH Norepinephrine Epinephrine 2- Effect on BP: Increase
41
What is the Effect on BP from Vasodilation?
1- Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Epinephrine NO 2- Effect on BP: Decrease
42
What is the Effect on BP from Blood Volume Increase?
1- Hormone: Aldosterone ADH 2- Effect on BP: Increase
43
What is the Effect on BP from Blood Volume Decrease?
1- Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) 2- Effect on BP: Decrease
44
What is Autoregulation of BP?
Autoregulation: Ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demand for delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and removal of wastes Physical and chemical stimuli can lead to autoregulation
45
What are Pulse Points for Checking Circulation?
1- Superficial Temporal Artery: Medial to ear 2- Facial Artery: Mandible on line with corners of mouth 3- Common Carotid Artery: Lateral to Larynx 4- Brachial Artery: Medial side of Biceps Brachii 5- Femoral Artery: Inferior to Inguinal Ligament 6- Popliteal Artery: Posterior to knee 7- Radial Artery: Lateral aspect of wrist 8- Dorsal Artery of Foot (Dorsalis Pedis Artery): Superior to instep of foot
46
What is Shock and Hemoestasis?
Shock is an inadequate CO that results in failure of the CV System to meet the metabolic demands of body cells Cell membranes dysfunction, cell metabolism is abnormal, and cell death may occur
47
What are the 4 Types of Shock?
1- Hypovolemic Shock: Most common, bleeding a lot, diarrhea, low blood volume 2- Cardiogenic Shock: After heart attack or not effective blood pumping (genetic/medication...) 3- Vascular Shock: Injury in big vessels, dilate, septic shock, allergy 4- Obstructive Shock: Physical obstruction, not pumping effectively
48
What are the Homeostatic Responses to Shock?
1- Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) System 2- Secretion of ADH 3- Activation of the Sympathetic division of ANS 4- Release of Local Vasodilators
49
What are Signs and Symptoms of Shock?
Clammy, cool, pale skin Tachycardia Weak, rapid pulse Sweating Hypotension (SBP<90mmHg) Altered mental status Decreased urinary output Thirst Acidosis
50
What are Circulatory Routes?
1- Systemic Circulation 2- Pulmonary Circulation 3- Hepatic Portal Circulation 4- Fetal Circulation
51
What is Hepatic Portal Circulation?
1- Blood goes from heart to Abdominal Aorta to Proper Hepatic Artery to Liver 2- Blood coming from Tributaries from portions of Stomach, Pancreas, and Large Intestines (and from Lower Mesenteric Vein) go to Splenic Vein 3- Blood coming from Tributaries from Small Intestine, and portions of Large Intestine, Stomach, and Pancreas go to Superior Mesenteric Vein 4- Blood from Splenic Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein go to Hepatic Portal Vein (not a true vein since connects to Liver not heart) 5- Blood coming from Hepatic Portal Vein and Proper Hepatic Artery go to Liver 6- Blood from Liver go to Hepatic Veins then Inferior Vena Cava then Heart
52
What is Fetal Circulation Components that Change at Birth?
Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood After birth no more mixing 1- Ductus Arteriosus: Pulmonary Trunk and Arch of Aorta Become Ligamentum Arteriosum at birth 2- Foramen Ovale: Interatrial foramen between left and right Atria Becomes Fossa Ovalis at birth 3- Ductus Venosus: Between Portal Vein and Placenta Becomes Ligamentum Venosum at birth 4- Umbilical Vein: From Placenta to Ductus Venosum to Inferior Vena Cava Becomes Ligamentum Teres at birth 5- Umbilical Arteries: Between Placenta and Left and Right Internal Iliac Arteries Becomes Medial Umbilical Ligaments at birth
53
What is Fetal Circulation?
1- Inferior Vena Cava 2- Right Atrium to Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Trunk to Lungs to Pulmonary Veins to Left Atrium 3- Right Atrium to Foramen Ovale to Left Atrium 4- Left Atrium to Left Ventricle to Aorta 5- Pulmonary Trunk to Ductus Arteriosus to Aorta 6- Aorta to Systemic Circulation 7- Systemic Circulation to Umbilical Arteries to Placenta to Umbilical Vein to Ductus Venosus and Liver 8- Systemic Circulation and Ductus Venosus and Liver to Inferior Vena Cava
54
What is Development of Blood Vessels and Blood?
Blood vessels develop from isolated masses of Mesenchyme in the Mesoderm called Blood Islands
55
How does Aging affect CV System?
Aging results in: 1- Loss of compliance of the Aorta 2- Reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size 3- Progressive loss of cardia muscular strength 4- Decline in maximum HR 5- Increased Systolic BP
56
What are some High BP Imbalances?
1- Normal: Systolic: <120 Diastolic: <80 2- Prehypertension: Systolic: 120-139 Diastolic: 80-89 3- Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic: 140-159 Diastolic: 90-99 4- Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic: >160 Diastolic: >100

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