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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Major Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Major Elements (96%): CHON

Oxygen:
65%
Part of water and many organic molecules
used to generate ATP

Carbon:
18.5%
Forms chains and rings of all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA)

Hydrogen:
9.5%
Constituent of water and most organic molecules
H+ makes body fluids more acidic

Nitrogen:
3.2%
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are the Lesser Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Lesser Elements (3.6%): “IronMag-ChloCal-PhoPo-SulSod”

Calcium:
1.5%
Contributes to hardness of bones and teeth
Ca2+ needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscles, and other processes

Phosphorus:
1%
Component of nucleic acids and ATP
Required for normal bone and teeth structure

Potassium:
0.35%
K+ most abundant Cation(+) in Intracellular fluid
Needed to generate action potentials

Sulfur:
0.25%
Component of some vitamins and many proteins

Sodium:
0.2%
Na+ most abundant Cation(+) in Extracellular fluid
Essential for maintaining water balance
Needed to generate action potentials

Chlorine:
0.2%
Cl- most abundant Anion(-) in Extracellular fluid
Essential for maintaining water balance

Magnesium:
0.1%
Mg2+ needed for actions of many enzymes

Iron:
0.005%
Fe2+ and Fe3+ part of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein in RBC) and some enzymes

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3
Q

What are the Trace Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Trace Elements (0.4%):

Aluminum Al
Boron B
Chromium Cr
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine F
Iodine I
Manganese Mn
Molybdenum Mo
Selenium Se
Silicon Si
Tin Sn
Vanadium V
Zinc Zn

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4
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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5
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

Number of Protons in nucleus of atom

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6
Q

What is Mass Number?

A

Number of Protons and Neutrons in nucleus of atom

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7
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

2 or more Forms of atoms with different number of Neutrons in nucleus

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8
Q

What is Atomic Mass?

A

Average mass of an atom’s naturally occurring isotopes
P+N+e

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9
Q

What is an Ion?

A

Atom that lost or gained an electron

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10
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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11
Q

What is a Compound?

A

A substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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12
Q

What is a Chemical Bond?

A

Atoms held together by forces of attraction
Number of electrons in valence shell determines likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

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13
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

An atom loses an electron
Another atom gains the electron
Electrostatic attraction between + and - ions

ex: Na+ and Cl- making NaCl

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14
Q

What is a Covalent Bond

A

2 atoms share one or more electrons
Strong bond

ex: H and H make H-H or H2
ex: O and O make O=O or O2
ex: C and 4H make CH4

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15
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

Hydrogen Bonds result from the attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules
S+ (delta +) and S- (delta -)

ex: H2O
O is S-
H is S+

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16
Q

What do Hydrogen Bonds do for water?

A

Cohesion:
Tendency of like particles to stay together

Surface Tension:
Measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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17
Q

What is a Chemical Reaction?

A

When new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken
Reactants: starting substances
Products: ending substances

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18
Q

What is Energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work

3 Types:
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Chemical Energy

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19
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another

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20
Q

What is Exergonic Reaction?

A

Spontaneous reaction
Energy is released
Delta G is negative (Gibbs Free Energy)

21
Q

What is Endergonic Reaction?

A

Non Spontaneous reaction
Energy is added
Delta G is positive (Gibbs Free Energy)

22
Q

What is Activation Energy?

A

Energy absorbed to start reaction

23
Q

What is Catalyst?

A

Decreases Activation Energy needed to start reaction

24
Q

What are the 5 Types of Chemical Reactions?

A

1- Synthesis (2 form 1 large)
2- Decomposition (1 large splits to 2 small)
3- Exchange
4- Reversible
5- Oxidation-Reduction (RedOx)

25
What is Oxidation-Reduction Reaction?
Reaction that transfers electrons between atoms and molecules and occur in parallel One Oxidized one Reduced Oxidation: Loss of electrons and energy released Reduction: Gain of electrons and energy gain
26
What is Organic and Inorganic Compound?
Organic: Always has C, H, and O Inorganic: Lack C and usually simple molecules ex: water most important and abundant inorganic compound in body
27
What are the properties of Water?
Polar: Uneven distribution/sharing of electrons in covalent bond Solvent: Universal solvent, can dissolve most substances (more than others) Water is ideal medium in chemical reactions Hydrolysis: Water added to break bonds Dehydration Synthesis: Water removed to make new bonds Water is a Lubricant: Helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another
28
What are the Thermal Properties of Water?
High Heat Capacity High Heat of Vaporization
29
What is a Mixture?
Mixture: Combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together 1- Solution 2- Colloid 3- Suspension
30
What is Molarity?
Moles (mol) per Liter 1 Molar (1M) solution = 1 mole of solute in 1 Liter of solution ex: To make 1M solution of NaCl Dissolve 1 mole of NaCl (58.44g) in 1 L of solution
31
What is Acid, Base, and Salt?
Acid: pH<7 ex: HCl Base: pH>7 ex: KOH Salt: Ionic mixture ex: KCl
32
What are some pH Values of Body Substances?
Gastric Juice: 1.2-3.0 Vaginal Fluid: 3.5-4.5 Urine: 4.6-8.0 Saliva: 6.35-6.85 Blood: 7.35-7.45 Semen: 7.20-7.60 Cerebrospinal Fluid: 7.4 Pancreatic Juice: 7.1-8.2 Bile: 7.6-8.6
33
What is a pH Buffer System?
Buffer System helps regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases to weak acids or bases
34
What are some Major Functional Groups of Organic Compounds?
Hydroxyl: Alcohols with -OH groups Polar, Hydrophilic, doesn't dissolve easily in water Sulfhydryl: Thiols with -SH groups Polar, Hydrophilic Certain amino acids have -SH groups that stabilize shape of proteins Carbonyl: Ketones have Carbonyl groups Polar, Hydrophilic Carboxyl: Aldehydes have Carboxyl groups Ester: Esters mostly in dietary fats and oils Can be in body as Triglycerides Aspirin is ester of salicylic acid Phosphate: Contain _(PO4)2- Very hydrophilic ex: ATP Amino: -NH2 group act as base and picks up H+ ion
35
What are the Major Carbohydrate Groups?
1- Monosaccharides: Glucose (in blood) Fructose (fruits) Galactose (milk sugar) Deoxyribose (DNA) Ribose (RNA) 2- Disaccharides: Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) 3- Polysaccharides: Glycogen (stored form of carbs in animal) Starch (stored form of carbs in plants, main in food) Cellulose (from plant cell walls, helps movement of food through intestines)
36
What are the Types of Lipids in the Body?
Fatty Acids: Used to synthesize Triglycerides and Phospholipids Catabolized to generate ATP Triglycerides: Protection, Insulation, Energy Storage Phospholipids: Component of cell membrane Steroids Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes): Diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction Other Lipids
37
What are some Steroids in the Body and what do they do?
Steroids: 1- Cholesterol: Minor component of cell membrane, precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones 2- Bile Salts: For digestion and absorption of dietary lipids 3- Vitamin D: Helps regulate calcium levels, needed for bone growth and repair 4- Adrenocortical Hormones: Help regulate metabolism Resistance to stress Salt and water balance 5- Sex Hormones: Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
38
What are some Other Lipids in the Body and what do they do?
Other Lipids: 1- Carotenes: Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (to make visual pigments in eye) Function as antioxidants 2- Vitamin E: Promotes wound healing Prevents tissue scarring Contributes to normal structure and function of Nervous System Functions as Antioxidant 3- Vitamin K: Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins 4- Lipoproteins: Transport lipids in blood Carry Triglycerides and Cholesterol to tissue Remove excess Cholesterol from blood
39
What does Triglycerides do?
Protection Insulation Energy Storage
40
What does Phospholipids do?
Important component of cell membranes
41
What are the functions of Proteins?
1- Proteins give structure to the body ex: Collagen in bone, Keratin in skin 2- Regulate processes ex: Control growth and development, act as neurotransmitter 3- Provide protection ex: Aid response against foreign substances (antibodies, Interleukins) 4- Assist in muscle contraction ex: Allow shortening of muscle cells, produce movement (Myosin, Actin) 5- Transport substances ex: Carry vital substances (Hemoglobin carry oxygen) 6- Serve as enzymes ex: Regulate biochemical reactions (ATPase, Amylase...)
42
What is a Protein made of?
Protein formed by combining amino acids by peptide bonds Peptide bonds are made by dehydration of 2 amino acids to join them and leave water Primary Structure: Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure: Twisting and folding of sequences, stabilized by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Structure: 3D shape of polypeptide chain Quaternary Structure: Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains
43
What is an Enzyme?
Enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell Enzymes are highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls Substrate goes to Active Site of Enzyme Form Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products
44
What is a Nucleic Acid?
DNA forms genetic code in nucleus of cell and regulates most of cell's activities RNA guides protein formation
45
What is a Nucleotide?
Pentose sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA, Ribose in RNA) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
46
What is a Nitrogenous Base?
DNA: C - Cytosine T- Thymine A - Adenine G - Guanine RNA: C - Cytosine U - Uracil A - Adenine G - Guanine Pure as Gold: A and G are Purines Cut the Pie: C, U, and T are Pyrimidines
47
DNA vs RNA?
DNA: A, C, G, T Deoxyribose 2 Strands (Double Helix) A-T and C-G Self-replicating Encodes info for making proteins Nuclear DNA, Mitochondrial DNA RNA: A, C, G, U Ribose 1 Strand A-U and C-G Made by using DNA as a blueprint Carries genetic code and assist in making proteins mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
48
What is ATP?
ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate Principal energy-storing molecule in body

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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