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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Major Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Major Elements (96%): CHON

Oxygen:
65%
Part of water and many organic molecules
used to generate ATP

Carbon:
18.5%
Forms chains and rings of all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA)

Hydrogen:
9.5%
Constituent of water and most organic molecules
H+ makes body fluids more acidic

Nitrogen:
3.2%
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are the Lesser Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Lesser Elements (3.6%): “IronMag-ChloCal-PhoPo-SulSod”

Calcium:
1.5%
Contributes to hardness of bones and teeth
Ca2+ needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscles, and other processes

Phosphorus:
1%
Component of nucleic acids and ATP
Required for normal bone and teeth structure

Potassium:
0.35%
K+ most abundant Cation(+) in Intracellular fluid
Needed to generate action potentials

Sulfur:
0.25%
Component of some vitamins and many proteins

Sodium:
0.2%
Na+ most abundant Cation(+) in Extracellular fluid
Essential for maintaining water balance
Needed to generate action potentials

Chlorine:
0.2%
Cl- most abundant Anion(-) in Extracellular fluid
Essential for maintaining water balance

Magnesium:
0.1%
Mg2+ needed for actions of many enzymes

Iron:
0.005%
Fe2+ and Fe3+ part of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein in RBC) and some enzymes

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3
Q

What are the Trace Chemical Elements in our Body?

A

Trace Elements (0.4%):

Aluminum Al
Boron B
Chromium Cr
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine F
Iodine I
Manganese Mn
Molybdenum Mo
Selenium Se
Silicon Si
Tin Sn
Vanadium V
Zinc Zn

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4
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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5
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

Number of Protons in nucleus of atom

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6
Q

What is Mass Number?

A

Number of Protons and Neutrons in nucleus of atom

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7
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

2 or more Forms of atoms with different number of Neutrons in nucleus

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8
Q

What is Atomic Mass?

A

Average mass of an atom’s naturally occurring isotopes
P+N+e

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9
Q

What is an Ion?

A

Atom that lost or gained an electron

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10
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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11
Q

What is a Compound?

A

A substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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12
Q

What is a Chemical Bond?

A

Atoms held together by forces of attraction
Number of electrons in valence shell determines likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

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13
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

An atom loses an electron
Another atom gains the electron
Electrostatic attraction between + and - ions

ex: Na+ and Cl- making NaCl

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14
Q

What is a Covalent Bond

A

2 atoms share one or more electrons
Strong bond

ex: H and H make H-H or H2
ex: O and O make O=O or O2
ex: C and 4H make CH4

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15
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

Hydrogen Bonds result from the attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules
S+ (delta +) and S- (delta -)

ex: H2O
O is S-
H is S+

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16
Q

What do Hydrogen Bonds do for water?

A

Cohesion:
Tendency of like particles to stay together

Surface Tension:
Measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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17
Q

What is a Chemical Reaction?

A

When new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken
Reactants: starting substances
Products: ending substances

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18
Q

What is Energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work

3 Types:
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Chemical Energy

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19
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another

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20
Q

What is Exergonic Reaction?

A

Spontaneous reaction
Energy is released
Delta G is negative (Gibbs Free Energy)

21
Q

What is Endergonic Reaction?

A

Non Spontaneous reaction
Energy is added
Delta G is positive (Gibbs Free Energy)

22
Q

What is Activation Energy?

A

Energy absorbed to start reaction

23
Q

What is Catalyst?

A

Decreases Activation Energy needed to start reaction

24
Q

What are the 5 Types of Chemical Reactions?

A

1- Synthesis (2 form 1 large)
2- Decomposition (1 large splits to 2 small)
3- Exchange
4- Reversible
5- Oxidation-Reduction (RedOx)

25
Q

What is Oxidation-Reduction Reaction?

A

Reaction that transfers electrons between atoms and molecules and occur in parallel
One Oxidized one Reduced

Oxidation:
Loss of electrons and energy released

Reduction:
Gain of electrons and energy gain

26
Q

What is Organic and Inorganic Compound?

A

Organic:
Always has C, H, and O

Inorganic:
Lack C and usually simple molecules
ex: water most important and abundant inorganic compound in body

27
Q

What are the properties of Water?

A

Polar:
Uneven distribution/sharing of electrons in covalent bond

Solvent:
Universal solvent, can dissolve most substances (more than others)

Water is ideal medium in chemical reactions
Hydrolysis:
Water added to break bonds
Dehydration Synthesis:
Water removed to make new bonds

Water is a Lubricant:
Helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another

28
Q

What are the Thermal Properties of Water?

A

High Heat Capacity
High Heat of Vaporization

29
Q

What is a Mixture?

A

Mixture:
Combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

1- Solution
2- Colloid
3- Suspension

30
Q

What is Molarity?

A

Moles (mol) per Liter
1 Molar (1M) solution = 1 mole of solute in 1 Liter of solution

ex:
To make 1M solution of NaCl
Dissolve 1 mole of NaCl (58.44g) in 1 L of solution

31
Q

What is Acid, Base, and Salt?

A

Acid:
pH<7
ex: HCl

Base:
pH>7
ex: KOH

Salt:
Ionic mixture
ex: KCl

32
Q

What are some pH Values of Body Substances?

A

Gastric Juice: 1.2-3.0
Vaginal Fluid: 3.5-4.5
Urine: 4.6-8.0
Saliva: 6.35-6.85
Blood: 7.35-7.45
Semen: 7.20-7.60
Cerebrospinal Fluid: 7.4
Pancreatic Juice: 7.1-8.2
Bile: 7.6-8.6

33
Q

What is a pH Buffer System?

A

Buffer System helps regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases to weak acids or bases

34
Q

What are some Major Functional Groups of Organic Compounds?

A

Hydroxyl:
Alcohols with -OH groups
Polar, Hydrophilic, doesn’t dissolve easily in water

Sulfhydryl:
Thiols with -SH groups
Polar, Hydrophilic
Certain amino acids have -SH groups that stabilize shape of proteins

Carbonyl:
Ketones have Carbonyl groups
Polar, Hydrophilic

Carboxyl:
Aldehydes have Carboxyl groups

Ester:
Esters mostly in dietary fats and oils
Can be in body as Triglycerides
Aspirin is ester of salicylic acid

Phosphate:
Contain _(PO4)2-
Very hydrophilic
ex: ATP

Amino:
-NH2 group act as base and picks up H+ ion

35
Q

What are the Major Carbohydrate Groups?

A

1- Monosaccharides:

Glucose (in blood)
Fructose (fruits)
Galactose (milk sugar)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)

2- Disaccharides:

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)

3- Polysaccharides:

Glycogen (stored form of carbs in animal)
Starch (stored form of carbs in plants, main in food)
Cellulose (from plant cell walls, helps movement of food through intestines)

36
Q

What are the Types of Lipids in the Body?

A

Fatty Acids:
Used to synthesize Triglycerides and Phospholipids
Catabolized to generate ATP

Triglycerides:
Protection, Insulation, Energy Storage

Phospholipids:
Component of cell membrane

Steroids

Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes):
Diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction

Other Lipids

37
Q

What are some Steroids in the Body and what do they do?

A

Steroids:

1- Cholesterol:
Minor component of cell membrane, precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

2- Bile Salts:
For digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

3- Vitamin D:
Helps regulate calcium levels, needed for bone growth and repair

4- Adrenocortical Hormones:
Help regulate metabolism
Resistance to stress
Salt and water balance

5- Sex Hormones:
Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics

38
Q

What are some Other Lipids in the Body and what do they do?

A

Other Lipids:

1- Carotenes:
Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (to make visual pigments in eye)
Function as antioxidants

2- Vitamin E:
Promotes wound healing
Prevents tissue scarring
Contributes to normal structure and function of Nervous System
Functions as Antioxidant

3- Vitamin K:
Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

4- Lipoproteins:
Transport lipids in blood
Carry Triglycerides and Cholesterol to tissue
Remove excess Cholesterol from blood

39
Q

What does Triglycerides do?

A

Protection
Insulation
Energy Storage

40
Q

What does Phospholipids do?

A

Important component of cell membranes

41
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A

1- Proteins give structure to the body
ex: Collagen in bone, Keratin in skin

2- Regulate processes
ex: Control growth and development, act as neurotransmitter

3- Provide protection
ex: Aid response against foreign substances (antibodies, Interleukins)

4- Assist in muscle contraction
ex: Allow shortening of muscle cells, produce movement (Myosin, Actin)

5- Transport substances
ex: Carry vital substances (Hemoglobin carry oxygen)

6- Serve as enzymes
ex: Regulate biochemical reactions (ATPase, Amylase…)

42
Q

What is a Protein made of?

A

Protein formed by combining amino acids by peptide bonds
Peptide bonds are made by dehydration of 2 amino acids to join them and leave water

Primary Structure:
Amino acid sequence

Secondary Structure:
Twisting and folding of sequences, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Structure:
3D shape of polypeptide chain

Quaternary Structure:
Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

43
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

Enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell

Enzymes are highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls

Substrate goes to Active Site of Enzyme
Form Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products

44
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A

DNA forms genetic code in nucleus of cell and regulates most of cell’s activities

RNA guides protein formation

45
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA, Ribose in RNA)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

46
Q

What is a Nitrogenous Base?

A

DNA:
C - Cytosine
T- Thymine
A - Adenine
G - Guanine

RNA:
C - Cytosine
U - Uracil
A - Adenine
G - Guanine

Pure as Gold:
A and G are Purines

Cut the Pie:
C, U, and T are Pyrimidines

47
Q

DNA vs RNA?

A

DNA:
A, C, G, T
Deoxyribose
2 Strands (Double Helix)
A-T and C-G
Self-replicating
Encodes info for making proteins
Nuclear DNA, Mitochondrial DNA

RNA:
A, C, G, U
Ribose
1 Strand
A-U and C-G
Made by using DNA as a blueprint
Carries genetic code and assist in making proteins
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

48
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate
Principal energy-storing molecule in body

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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