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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 11 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Movement?

A

Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on tendons

Tendons attach to and pull on bones
Movement occurs

Point of Insertion moves
Not the Origin (Source) of the movement

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2
Q

What are Origin and Insertion?

A

Most muscles cross at least one joint and are attached at the articulating bones

When a muscle contracts, it draws one articulating bone towards the other

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3
Q

What is Origin?

A

Origin:
The attachment to the stationary bone

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4
Q

What is Insertion?

A

Insertion:
The attachment to the moveable bone

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5
Q

What is a Lever System and Leverage?

A

Levers: bones
Fulcrums: joints

The lever is acted on by:
Resistance
Effort

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6
Q

What is a First Class Lever?

A

Fulcrum between Effort and Resistance

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7
Q

What is a Second Class Lever?

A

Resistance between Fulcrum and Effort

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8
Q

What is a Third Class Lever?

A

Effort between Fulcrum and Resistance

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9
Q

What are the Effects of Fascicle Arrangements?

A

Muscle fibers are arranged in parallel bundles within fascicles but the arrangement of fasciculi in relation to the tendon can vary

Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:
Amount of power a muscle can produce
Range of motion a muscle can produce
(more fascicles = more power and ROM)

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10
Q

What are the different Arrangements of Fascicles?

A

Parallel
Fusiform
Circular
Triangular

Pennate
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

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11
Q

What is Parallel Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle
Terminate at either end in flat tendons

ex- Sternohyoid muscle

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12
Q

What is Fusiform Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle
Terminate in flat tendons
Muscle tapers towards tendons, where diameter is less than at belly

ex- Digastric muscle

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13
Q

What is Circular Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements from sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)

ex- Orbicularis Oculi muscle

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14
Q

What is Triangular Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles spread over broad are converge at thick central tendon
Gives muscle a triangular shape

ex- Pectoralis Major muscle

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15
Q

What is Pennate Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length
Tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle

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16
Q

What is Unipennate Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon

ex- Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle

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17
Q

What is Bipennate Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons

ex- Rectus Femoris muscle

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18
Q

What is Multipennate Arrangement of Fascicles?

A

Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons

ex- Deltoid muscle

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19
Q

How does Coordination within muscle groups work?

A

Most muscle movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles acting in groups rather than individually
And most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joints

Agonist/Prime Mover
Antagonist
Synergist

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20
Q

What is Agonist/Prime Mover?

A

Carry

ex- Biceps

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21
Q

What is Antagonist?

A

Put back after carry

ex- Triceps

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22
Q

What is Synergist?

A

Multiple muscles work together at same time
Same purpose, some pull up, some pull forward
Like Inhalation and Expiration Muscles

ex- Chest muscles

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23
Q

How are Muscles named?

A

Muscles are named based on:

Location
Size
Number of origins
Appearance
Direction of fibers
Origin and insertion
Muscle action

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24
Q

What is Rectus?

A

Parallel to midline

ex- Rectus Abdominis

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25
Q

What is Transverse?

A

Perpendicular to midline

ex- transversus Abdominis

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26
Q

What is Oblique?

A

Diagonal to midline

ex- External Oblique

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27
Q

What is Maximus?

A

Largest

ex- Gluteus Maximus

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28
Q

What is Minimus?

A

Smallest

ex- Gluteus Minimus

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29
Q

What is Longus?

A

Long

ex- Adductor Longus

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30
Q

What is Brevis?

A

Short

ex- Adductor Brevis

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31
Q

What is Latissimus?

A

Widest

ex- Latissimus Dorsi

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32
Q

What is Longissimus?

A

Longest

ex- Longissimus Capitis

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33
Q

What is Magnus?

A

Large

ex- Adductor Magnus

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34
Q

What is Major?

A

Larger

ex- Pectoralis Major

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35
Q

What is Minor?

A

Smaller

ex- Pectoralis Minor

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36
Q

What is Vastus?

A

Huge

ex- Vastus Lateralis

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37
Q

What is Deltoid?

A

Triangular

ex- Deltoid

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38
Q

What is Trapezius?

A

Trapezoid

ex- Trapezius

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39
Q

What is Serratus?

A

Saw-toothed

ex- Serratus Anterior

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40
Q

What is Rhomboid?

A

Diamon-shaped

ex- Rhomboid Major

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41
Q

What is Orbicularis?

A

Circular

ex- Orbicularis Oculi

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42
Q

What is Pectinate?

A

Comblike

ex- Pectineus

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43
Q

What is Piriformis?

A

Pear-shaped

ex- Piriformis

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44
Q

What is Platys?

A

Flat

ex- Platysma

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45
Q

What is Quadratus?

A

Square, 4-sided

ex- Quadratus Femoris

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46
Q

What is Gracilis?

A

Slender

ex- Gracilis

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47
Q

What is Flexor?

A

Decrease joint angle

ex- Flexor Carpi Radialis

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48
Q

What is Extensor?

A

Increase joint angle

ex- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

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49
Q

What is Abductor?

A

Moves bone away from midline

ex- Abductor Pollicis Longus

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50
Q

What is Adductor?

A

Moves bone closer to midline

ex- Adductor Longus

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51
Q

What is Levator?

A

Raise or elevate body part

ex- Levator Scapulae

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52
Q

What is Depressor?

A

Lower or depress body part

ex- Depressor Labii Inferioris

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53
Q

What is Supinator?

A

Turns palm anteriorly

ex- Supinator

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54
Q

What is Pronator?

A

Turn palm posteriorly

ex- Pronator Teres

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55
Q

What is Sphincter?

A

Decrease size of an opening

ex- External Anal Sphincter

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56
Q

What is Tensor?

A

Make body part rigid

ex- Tensor Fasciae Latae

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57
Q

What is Rotator?

A

Rotate bone around longitudinal axis

ex- Rotatore

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58
Q

What is Biceps?

A

2 origins

ex- Biceps Brachii

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59
Q

What is Triceps?

A

3 origins

ex- Triceps Brachii

60
Q

What is Quadriceps?

A

4 origins

ex- Quadriceps Femoris

61
Q

What is Temporalis?

A

Muscle near Temporal Bone

62
Q

What is Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Originating on sternum and clavicle
Inserting on mastoid process of temporal bone

63
Q

What are the Muscles of Facial Expression?

A

Muscles of facial expression lie within subcutaneous layer
Originating on the fascia of bones of the skull and inserting into the skin

When these muscles contract, they move the skin rather than a joint

Supplied by Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

64
Q

What is Occipitofrontalis?

A

Scalp muscle

Has Frontal belly and Occipital belly

65
Q

What is Frontal Belly of Occipitofrontalis?

A

Origin:
Epicranial aponeurosis

Insertion:
Skin superior to Supraorbital Margin

Action:
Draws scalp anteriorly
Raises eyebrows
Wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in surprise

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

66
Q

What is Occipital Belly of Occipitofrontalis?

A

Origin:
Occipital bone
Mastoid process of temporal bone

Insertion:
Epicranial aponeurosis

Action:
Draws scalp posteriorly

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

67
Q

What is Orbicularis Oris?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Muscle fibers surrounding opening of mouth

Insertion:
Skin at corner of mouth

Action:
Closes and protrudes lips as in kissing
Compresses lips against teeth
Shapes lips during speech

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

68
Q

What is Zygomaticus Major?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Zygomatic bone

Insertion:
Skin at angle of mouth and Orbicularis Oris

Action:
Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally as in smiling

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

69
Q

What is Zygomaticus Minor?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Zygomatic bone

Insertion:
Upper lip

Action:
Raise (elevate) upper lip exposing maxillary teeth

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

70
Q

What is Levator Labii Superioris?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Superior to infraorbital foramen of maxilla

Insertion:
Skin at angle of mouth and Orbicularis Oris

Action:
Raise upper lip

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

71
Q

What is Depressor Labii Inferioris?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Mandible

Insertion:
Skin of lower lip

Action:
Depress (lowers) lower lip

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

72
Q

What is Depressor Anguli Oris?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Mandible

Insertion:
Angle of mouth

Action:
Draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly as in open mouth

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

73
Q

What is Levator Anguli Oris?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Inferior to infraorbital foramen

Insertion:
Skin of lower lip and Orbicularis Oris

Action:
Draws angle of mouth laterally and superiorly

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

74
Q

What is Buccinator?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible and pterygomandibular raphe
(fibrous band extending from pterygoid process of sphenoid bone to mandible)

Insertion:
Orbicularis Oris

Action:
Press cheeks against teeth and lips as in whistling
Draw corner of mouth laterally
Assist in mastication by keeping food between teeth and not between cheeks and teeth

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

75
Q

What is Risorius?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Fascia over Parotid (salivary) gland

Insertion:
Skin at angle of mouth

Action:
Draw angle of mouth laterally as in grimacing

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

76
Q

What is Mentalis?

A

Mouth muscle

Origin:
Mandible

Insertion:
Skin of chin

Action:
Elevate and protrude lower lip
Pulls skin of chin up as in pouting

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

77
Q

What are the Muscles of the Eyeballs?

A

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
The muscles that move the Eyeballs
They originate in the orbit
Insert on Sclera

3 Pairs of Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

1- Superior and Inferior Recti
2- Lateral and Medial Recti
3- Superior and Inferior Obliques

78
Q

What are the Muscles of the Upper Eyelids?

A

The tendon of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris passes the eyeball and inserts into the upper eyelid
This point of insertion allows it to raise the eyelid

79
Q

What is Superior Rectus?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Common Tendinous Ring
(Attached to orbit around Optic Foramen)

Insertion:
Superior and central part of eyeball

Action:
Moves eyeball superiorly (elevation)
Moves eyeball medially (adduction)
Rotates eyeball medially

Innervation:
Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III)

80
Q

What is Inferior Rectus?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Common Tendinous Ring
(Attached to orbit around Optic Foramen)

Insertion:
Inferior and central part of eyeball

Action:
Moves eyeball inferiorly (depression)
Moves eyeball medially (adduction)
Rotates eyeball laterally

Innervation:
Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III)

81
Q

What is Lateral Rectus?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Common Tendinous Ring
(Attached to orbit around Optic Foramen)

Insertion:
Lateral side of eyeball

Action:
Moves eyeball laterally (abduction)

Innervation:
Abducens Nerve 6 (VI)

82
Q

What is Medial Rectus?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Common Tendinous Ring
(Attaches to orbit around Optic Foramen)

Insertion:
Medial side of eyeball

Action:
Moves eyeball medially (adduction)

Innervation:
Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III)

83
Q

What is Levator Palpebrae Superioris?

A

Muscle of the Upper Lid

Origin:
Roof of orbit
(Lesser wing of Sphenoid bone)

Insertion:
Skin and Tarsal Plate of Upper Lid

Action:
Elevate upper eyelid (opens eye)

Innervation:
Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III)

84
Q

What is Superior Oblique?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Sphenoid bone
Superior and medial to Common Tendinous Ring in orbit

Insertion:
Eyeball between Superior and Lateral Recti
Muscle inserts into superior and lateral surfaces of eyeball via tendon that passes through Trochlea

Action:
Moves eyeball inferiorly (depression)
Moves eyeball laterally (abduction)
Rotates eyeball medially

Innervation:
Trochlear Nerve 4 (IV)

85
Q

What is Inferior Oblique?

A

Muscle of the Eyeball

Origin:
Maxilla in floor of orbit

Insertion:
Eyeball between Inferior and Lateral Recti

Action:
Moves eyeball superiorly (elevation)
Moves eyeball laterally (abduction)
Rotates eyeball laterally

Innervation:
Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III)

86
Q

What is the Innervation of the Muscles of the Eye and Upper Eyelids?

A

(All cranial nerve 3, LR6, SO4)

1- Oculomotor Nerve 3 (III):
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Inferior Oblique
Levator Palpebrae Superioris

2- Abducens Nerve 6 (VI):
Lateral Rectus

3- Trochlear Nerve 4 (IV):
Superior Oblique

87
Q

What are the Muscles of Mastication?

A

Muscles of Mastication:
The muscles that move the Mandible

88
Q

What is Masseter?

A

Muscle of Mastication

Origin:
Maxilla
Zygomatic Arch

Insertion:
Angle of Ramus of Mandible

Action:
Elevate Mandible, as in closing mouth

Innervation:
Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)

89
Q

What is Temporalis?

A

Muscle of Mastication

Origin:
Temporal bone

Insertion:
Coronoid Process and Ramus of Mandible

Action:
Elevate and retracts Mandible

Innervation:
Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)

90
Q

What is Medial Pterygoid?

A

Muscle of Mastication

Origin:
Medial surface of lateral portion of Pterygoid Process of Sphenoid bone
Maxilla

Insertion:
Angle and Ramus of Mandible

Action:
Elevate and protract Mandible
Moves Mandible from side to side

Innervation:
Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)

91
Q

What is Lateral Pterygoid?

A

Muscle of Mastication

Origin:
Greater Wing and lateral surface of lateral portion of Pterygoid Process of Sphenoid bone

Insertion:
Condyle of Mandible
TMJ

Action:
Protract Mandible
Depress Mandible, as in open mouth
Move Mandible from side to side

Innervation:
Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)

92
Q

What are the Muscles of the Tongue?

A

Tongue is highly mobile structure that plays a critical role in mastication, taste, and swallowing

Tongue is attached to Mandible, Styloid Process of Temporal Bone, and Hyoid Bone

(Taste buds on distal third of tongue)

93
Q

What is Genioglossus?

A

Muscle of the Tongue

Origin:
Mandible

Insertion:
Undersurface of Tongue and Hyoid Bone

Action:
Depress tongue
Thrust tongue anteriorly (protraction)

Innervation:
Hypoglossal Nerve 12 (XII)

94
Q

What is Styloglossus?

A

Muscle of the Tongue

Origin:
Styloid Process of Temporal bone

Insertion:
Side of undersurface of tongue

Action:
Elevate tongue
Draws tongue posteriorly (retraction)

Innervation:
Hypoglossal Nerve 12 (XII)

95
Q

What is Hyoglossus?

A

Muscle of the Tongue

Origin:
Greater Horn and Body of Hyoid Bone

Insertion:
Side of tongue

Action:
Depress tongue
Draws tongue down its side

Innervation:
Hypoglossal Nerve 12 (XII)

96
Q

What is Palatoglossus?

A

Muscle of the Tongue

Origin:
Anterior surface of Soft Palate

Insertion:
Side of tongue

Action:
Elevate posterior portion of tongue
Draws Soft Palate down on tongue

Innervation:
Pharyngeal Plexus
Which contains axons from Vagus Nerve 10 (X)

97
Q

What are the Muscles of the Neck?

A

1- Suprahyoid muscles:
Elevate Hyoid bone
Elevate floor of oral cavity
Elevate Tongue
While swallowing

2- Infrahyoid Muscles:
Most depress Hyoid Bone
Some move Larynx

98
Q

What is Digastric?

A

Muscle of Neck
Suprahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Anterior Belly from inner side of Inferior Border of Mandible
Posterior Belly from Temporal bone

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone via Intermediate Tendon

Action:
Elevate Hyoid bone
Depress Mandible, as in open mouth

Innervation:
Anterior Belly - Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)
Posterior Belly - Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

99
Q

What is Stylohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Suprahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Styloid Process of Temporal bone

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone

Action:
Elevate Hyoid bone
Draws Hyoid bone posteriorly

Innervation:
Facial Nerve 7 (VII)

100
Q

What is Mylohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Suprahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Inner surface of Mandible

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone

Action:
Elevate Hyoid bone and floor of mouth
Depress Mandible

Innervation:
Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve 5 (V)

101
Q

What is Geniohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Suprahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Inner surface of Mandible

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone

Action:
Elevate Hyoid bone
Draws Hyoid bone and tongue anteriorly
Depress Mandible

Innervation:
First Cervical Spinal Nerve (C1)

102
Q

What is Omohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Infrahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Superior Border of Scapula
Superior Transverse Ligament

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone

Action:
Depress Hyoid bone

Innervation:
Branches of Spinal Nerves C1-C3

103
Q

What is Sternohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Infrahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Medial end of Clavicle
Manubrium of Sternum

Insertion:
Body of Hyoid bone

Action:
Depress Hyoid bone

Innervation:
Branches of Spinal Nerves C1-C3

104
Q

What is Sternothyroid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Infrahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Manubrium of Sternum

Insertion:
Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx

Action:
Depress Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx

Innervation:
Branches of Spinal Nerves C1-C3

105
Q

What is Thyrohyoid?

A

Muscle of Neck
Infrahyoid Muscle

Origin:
Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx

Insertion:
Greater Horn of Hyoid bone

Action:
Depress Hyoid bone
RMA- Elevate Thyroid Cartilage

Innervation:
Branches of Spinal Nerves C1-C2
Descending Hypoglossal Nerve 12 (XII)

106
Q

What is Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Muscle of the Neck that move the Head

Origin:
Sternal Head of Manubrium of Sternum
Clavicular Head - medial third of Clavicle

Insertion:
Mastoid Process of Temporal bone
Lateral half of Superior Nuchal Line of Occipital bone

Action:
Acting together (bilaterally):
Flex cervical portion of vertebral column
Extend head at Atlanto-occipital joints
Acting Singly (unilaterally):
Laterally flex neck and head to same side
Rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle
Laterally rotate and flex head to opposite side of contracting muscle
Posterior fibers of muscle can assist in extension of head
RMA- Elevate Sternum during forced inhalation

Innervation:
Accessory Nerve 11 (XI)
Spinal Nerve C2 and C3

107
Q

What is Semispinalis Capitis?

A

Muscle of the Neck that move the Head

Origin:
Articular processes of C4-C6
Transverse processes of C7-T7

Insertion:
Occipital bone between Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines

Action:
Acting together:
Extend head and vertebral column
Acting singly:
Rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle

Innervation:
Cervical Spinal Nerves

108
Q

What is Splenius Capitis?

A

Muscle of the Neck that move the Head

Origin:
Ligamentum Nuchae
Spinous process of C7-T4

Insertion:
Occipital bone
Mastoid process of Temporal bone

Action:
Extend head
Acting together:
Muscle of each region (cervical and thoracic) extend vertebral column of their respective regions

Innervation:
Cervical Spinal Nerves

109
Q

What is Longissimus Capitis?

A

Muscle of the Neck that move the Head

Origin:
Articular process of T1-T4

Insertion:
Mastoid process of Temporal bone

Action:
Acting together:
extend head and vertebral column
Acting singly:
Laterally flex and rotate head to same side as contracting muscle

Innervation:
Cervical Spinal Nerves

110
Q

What is Spinalis Capitis?

A

Muscle of the Neck that move the Head

Origin:
Often absent or very small
Arises with Semispinalis Capitis

Insertion:
Occipital bone

Action:
Extends head and vertebral column

Innervation:
Cervical Spinal Nerves

111
Q

What are the Muscles of the Abdomen?

A

The anterolateral abdominal wall is composed of skin, fascia, and 4 pairs of muscles

They help in Respiration

112
Q

What is Rectus Abdominis?

A

Muscle of the Abdomen

Origin:
Pubic Crest
Pubic Symphysis

Insertion:
Cartilage of Ribs 5-7
Xiphoid Process

Action:
Flex vertebral column especially lumbar portion
Compress abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and child birth
RMA- Flex Pelvis on vertebral column

Innervation:
Thoracis Spinal Nerves T7-T12

113
Q

What is External Oblique?

A

Muscle of the Abdomen

Origin:
Ribs 5-12

Insertion:
Iliac Crest
Linea Alba

Action:
Acting together (bilaterally):
Compress abdomen
Flex vertebral column
Acting singly (unilaterally):
Flex vertebral column especially lumbar portion
Rotate vertebral column

Innervation:
Thoracic Spinal Nerves T7-T12
Iliohypogastric Nerve

114
Q

What is Internal Oblique?

A

Muscle of the Abdomen

Origin:
Iliac Crest
Inguinal Ligament
Thoracolumbar Fascia

Insertion:
Cartilage of Ribs 7-10
Linea Alba

Action:
Acting together:
Compress abdomen
Flex vertebral column
Acting singly:
Laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion
Rotate vertebral column

Innervation:
Thoracic Spinal Nerves T8-T12
Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve

115
Q

What is Transversus Abdominis?

A

Muscle of the Abdomen

Origin:
Iliac Crest
Inguinal Ligament
Lumbar Fascia
Cartilages of Ribs 5-10

Insertion:
Xiphoid process
Linea Alba
Pubis

Action:
Compress abdomen

Innervation:
Thoracis Spinal Nerves T8-T12
Iliohypogastric Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve

116
Q

What is Quadratus Lumborum?

A

Muscle of the Abdomen

Origin:
Iliac Crest
Iliolumbar Ligament

Insertion:
Inferior border of rib 12
L1-L4

Action:
Acting together:
Pull 12th Rib inferiorly during forced exhalation
Fix 12th Ribs to prevent their elevation during deep inhalation
Help extend lumbar portion of vertebral column
Acting singly:
Laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion
RMA- Elevate Hip bone, commonly on one side

Innervation:
Thoracic Spinal Nerve T12
Lumbar Spinal Nerve L1-L3 or L1-L4

117
Q

What are the Muscles of the Thorax?

A

Muscles of the Thorax alter size of the Thoracic Cavity so that breathing can occur

Lungs are elastic
Muscles pull on the walls
Diaphragm contracts (up) then relaxes (down)

118
Q

What is Diaphragm?

A

Muscle of the Thorax

Origin:
Xiphoid process
Costal Cartilages and adjacent portions of Ribs 7-12
Lumbar vertebrae and their intervertebral discs

Insertion:
Central Tendon

Action:
Contraction of Diaphragm causes it to flatten and increase vertical dimension of Thoracic Cavity, resulting in Inhalation
Relaxation of Diaphragm causes it to move superiorly and decrease vertical dimension of Thoracic Cavity, resulting in Exhalation

Innervation:
Phrenic Nerve
Which contains axons from Cervical Spinal Nerves C3-C5

119
Q

What is External Intercostals?

A

Muscle of the Thorax

Origin:
Inferior border of rib above

Insertion:
Superior border of rib below

Action:
Contraction elevate ribs and increase anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of Thoracic cavity, resulting in Inhalation
Relaxation depress ribs and decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of Thoracic Cavity, resulting in Exhalation

Innervation:
Thoracic Spinal Nerves T2-T12

120
Q

What is Internal Intercostals?

A

Muscle of the Thorax

Origin:
Superior border of rib below

Insertion:
Inferior border of rib above

Action:
Contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of Thoracic Cavity during Forced Exhalation

Innervation:
Thoracic Spinal Nerves T2-T12

121
Q

What are the Muscles of the Pelvic Floor?

A

Pelvic Diaphragm:
Group of muscles and associated fascia
Stretching from Pubis to the Coccyx
From one lateral wall of the pelvis to the other

122
Q

What is Levator Ani?

A

Muscle of the Pelvic Floor

Muscle divisible into 3 parts:
1- Pubococcygeus muscle
2- Puborectalis muscle
3- Iliococcygeus muscle

123
Q

What is Pubococcygeus?

A

Muscle of the Pelvic Floor

Origin:
Pubis
Ischial Spine

Insertion:
Coccyx
Urethra
Anal canal
Perineal body of Perineum (wedge-shaped mass of fibrous tissue in center of Perineum)
Anococcygeal Ligament (narrow fibrous band that extends from Anus to Coccyx)

Action:
Support and maintain position of pelvic viscera
Resist increase in intra-abdominal pressure during forced exhalation, coughing, vomiting, urination, and defecation
Constrict Anus, urethra, and vagina

Innervation:
Sacral Spinal Nerves S2-S4

124
Q

What is Puboractalis?

A

Muscle of the Pelvic Floor

Origin:
Posterior surface of Pubic bone

Insertion:
Forms a sling posterior to the Anorectal Junction

Action:
Help maintain fecal continence
Assist in defecation

Innervation:
Sacral Spinal Nerves S2-S4

125
Q

What is Iliococcygeus?

A

Muscle of the Pelvic Floor

Origin:
Ischial spine

Insertion:
Coccyx

Action:
Support and maintain position of pelvic viscera
Resist increase in intra-abdominal pressure during forced exhalation, coughing, vomiting, urination, and defecation
Constrict Anus, urethra, and vagina

Innervation:
Sacral Spinal Nerves S2-S4

126
Q

What is Ischiococcygeus?

A

Muscle of the Pelvic Floor

Origin:
Ischial spine

Insertion:
Lower Sacrum
Upper Coccyx

Action:
Support and maintain position of pelvic viscera
Resist increase in intra-abdominal pressure during forced exhalation, coughing, vomiting, urination, and defecation
Pulls Coccyx anteriorly following defecation or child birth

Innervation:
Sacral Spinal Nerves S2-S4

127
Q

What are the Muscles of the Perineum?

A

The Perineum is the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Diamond-shaped
Extends from the Pubis Symphysis to the Coccyx and Ischial Tuberosities

128
Q

What is Superficial Transverse Perineal?

A

Muscle of the Perineum

Origin:
Ischial Tuberosity

Insertion:
Perineal body of Perineum

Action:
Stabilize perineal body of Perineum

Innervation:
Perineal Branch of Pudendal Nerve of Sacral Plexus

129
Q

What is Bulbospongiosus?

A

Muscle of the Perineum

Origin:
Perineal body of Perineum

Insertion:
Perineal membrane of deep muscles of Perineum
Corpus Spongiosum of penis
Deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male
Pubic Arch and dorsum of Clitoris in female

Action:
Help expel urine during urination
Help propel semen along Urethra
Assist in erection of penis in male
Constrict Vaginal Orifice and assist in erection of Clitoris in female

Innervation:
Perineal Branch of Pudendal Nerve of Sacral Plexus

130
Q

What is Ischiocavernosus?

A

Muscle of the Perineum

Origin:
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial and Pubic Rami

Insertion:
Corpora Cavernosa of penis in male
Clitoris in female
Pubic Symphysis

Action:
Maintain erection of penis in male and clitoris in female by decreasing urine drainage

Innervation:
Perineal Branch of the Pudendal Nerve of Sacral Plexus

131
Q

What is Subclavius?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Anterior Thoracic Muscle

Origin:
Rib 1

Insertion:
Clavicle

Action:
Depress and move Clavicle anteriorly
Help stabilize pectoral girdle

Innervation:
Subclavian Nerve

132
Q

What is Pectoralis Minor?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Anterior Thoracic Muscle
MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION

Origin:
Ribs 2-5
Or Ribs 3-5
Or Ribs 2-4

Insertion:
Coracoid process of Scapula

Action:
Abduct scapula and rotates it downward
RMA- Elevate ribs 3-5 during forced Inhalation when scapula is fixed

Innervation:
Medial Pectoral Nerve

133
Q

What is Serratus Anterior?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Anterior Thoracic Muscle
MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION

Origin:
Ribs 1-8
Or Ribs 1-9

Insertion:
Vertebral border
Inferior Angle of Scapula

Action:
Abduct scapula and rotates it upward
RMA- Elevate ribs when scapula is stabilized
Known as “boxer’s muscle” because it is important in horizontal arm movements such as punching and pushing

Innervation:
Long Thoracic Nerve
(If damaged, scapula protrudes out, becomes winged, and atrophied)

134
Q

What is Trapezius?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Posterior Thoracic Muscle

Origin:
Superior Nuchal Line of Occipital bone
Ligamentum Nuchae
Spines of C7-T12

Insertion:
Clavicle
Acromion and spine of scapula

Action:
Superior fibers upward rotate scapula
Middle fibers depress and upward rotate scapula
Superior and Inferior fibers together rotate scapula upward
Stabilize Scapula
RMA- Superior fibers can help extend head

Innervation:
Accessory Nerve 11 (XI)
Cervical Spinal Nerves C3-C5

135
Q

What is Levator Scapulae?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Posterior Thoracic Muscle

Origin:
Transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion:
Superior vertebral border of scapula

Action:
Elevate scapula and rotates it downwards

Innervation:
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Cervical Spinal Nerves C3-C5

136
Q

What is Rhomboid Major?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Posterior Thoracic Muscle

Origin:
Spines of T2-T5

Insertion:
Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine

Action:
Elevate and adducts scapula and rotates it downwards
Stabilize scapula

Innervation:
Dorsal Scapular Nerve

137
Q

What is Rhomboid Minor?

A

Muscle of the Thorax that move Pectoral Girdle
Posterior Thoracic Muscle

Origin:
Spines of C7-T1

Insertion:
Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine

Action:
Elevate and adducts scapula and rotates it downwards
Stabilize scapula

Innervation:
Dorsal Scapular Nerve

138
Q

What is Deltoid?

A

Scapular muscle that moves the Humerus

Origin:
Acromial extremity of clavicle (anterior fibers)
Acromion of scapula (lateral fibers)
Spine of scapula (posterior fibers)

Insertion:
Deltoid tuberosity of Humerus

Action:
Lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint
Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint
Posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint

Innervation:
Axillary Nerve
(If damaged, bad ROM)

139
Q

What is Lumbricals?

A

Intermediate (mid-palmar)
Muscles that move the Digits (Intrinsic Hand Muscles)

Origin:
Lateral sides of tendons and Flexor Digitorum Profundus of each finger

Insertion:
Lateral sides of tendons of Extensor Digitorum on proximal phalanges of each finger

Action:
Flex each finger at metacarpophalangeal joints
Extend each finger at interphalangeal joints

Innervation:
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve

140
Q

What is Iliopsoas and Psoas Major?

A

Muscle of the Gluteal Region that move Femur

Origin:
Transverse processes and bodies of Lumbar vertebrae

Insertion:
With Iliacus into Lesser Trochanter of Femur

Action:
Psoas Major and Iliacus muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint
Rotate thigh laterally
Flex trunk on hips as in silting up from supine position

Innervation:
Lumbar Spinal Nerves L2-L3

141
Q

What is Iliacus?

A

Muscle of the Gluteal Region that move Femur

Origin:
Iliac Fossa
Sacrum

Insertion:
With Psoas Major into Lesser Trochanter of Femur

Action:
Psoas Major and Iliacus muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint
Rotate thigh laterally
Flex trunk on hips as in silting up from supine position

Innervation:
Femoral Nerve

142
Q

What is Dorsal Interossei?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the Foot that move the Toes

Origin:
Adjacent side of all metatarsals

Insertion:
Proximal phalanges
Both sides of toe 2
Lateral sides of toe 3 and 4

Action:
Abduct and flex toes 2-4 at metatarsophalangeal joints
Extend toes at interphalangeal joints

Innervation:
Lateral Plantar Nerve
Femoral Nerve

143
Q

What is Plantar Interossei?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the Foot that move the Toes

Origin:
Metatarsals 3-5

Insertion:
Medial side of proximal phalanges of toes 3-5

Action:
Adduct and flex proximal metatarsophalangeal joints
Extend toes at interphalangeal joints

Innervation:
Lateral Plantar Nerve

144
Q

What are some Running Injuries?

A

Most running injuries involve knee
Running injuries are usually related to faulty training techniques

Running injuries can be treated with:
PRICE - Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
NSAIDS or Corticosteroid injections
Rehabilitative exercises

145
Q

What is Compartment Syndrome?

A

Pressure constricts the structures within a compartment resulting in damaged blood vessels

If left untreated:
Nerves can suffer damage
Muscles can develop scar tissue and contracture may result (permanent tightening of the muscles, tendons, skin, and nearby tissues that causes the joints to shorten and become very stiff)

146
Q

What is Plantar Fasciitis?

A

Painful heel condition that results from chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the calcaneus

Treatment includes:
Ice
Heat
Stretching
Weight loss
Prosthetics
Steroid injections
Surgery

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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