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Anatomy & Physiology Review I > Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integumentary System made of? And what are its function?

A

Integumentary System consists of:
Skin
Hair
Oil and Sweat Glands
Nails
Sensory receptors

Functions:
Helps body maintain temperature
Converts inactive Vitamin D to its active form
Provides sensory information
Helps maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the Skin and Hair function in the Integumentary System?

A

Skin and Hair provide barrier to protect all internal organs from damaging agents in external environment

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3
Q

What is the Sweat Glands function in the Integumentary System?

A

Sweat Glands and blood vessels regulate body temperature needed for proper functioning of other body systems

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4
Q

What are the Layers of the Skin?

A

Skin has 2 Major Layers:

1- Epidermis:
Most superficial layer
2- Dermis:
Layer deep to Epidermis

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer): Deep to Dermis, but not layer of skin
Made of Areolar and Adipose Tissue

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5
Q

What are the 4 Major Types of Cells in the Epidermis?

A

1- Keratinocyte:
Majority of epidermis

2- Melanocyte:
Stratum Basale of epidermis (secrete melanin)

3- Intraepidermal Macrophages (Langerhans Cell):
All tissue have them
Help auto-phagocytize bad cells

4- Tactile Epithelial cells (Merkel Cell):
For touch

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6
Q

What are the 2 Types of Skin?

A

Thin (Hairy) Skin:
Covers all body regions except palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles

Thick (Hairless) Skin:
Covers palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles

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7
Q

What are the 4 (5) Layer of the Epidermis?

A

Epidermis is composed of 4 layers in Thin Skin and 5 layers in Thick Skin

From Deep to Superficial: (British and Spanish Grandmas Like Corn)
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (Only in Thick Skin)
Stratum Corneum

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8
Q

What is Stratum Basale?

A

Deepest layer
Composed of single row of cuboidal or columnar Keratinocytes that contain Keratin intermediate filaments (Tonofilaments)
Stem cells undergo cell division to produce new Keratinocytes
Melanocytes and Tactile Epithelial Cells associated with tactile discs (Merkel Cells) are scattered among Keratinocytes

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9
Q

What is Stratum Spinosum?

A

8-10 rows of many-sided Keratinocytes with bundles of Keratin intermediate filaments
Contains projections of Melanocytes and Intraepidermal Macrophages (Langerhans Cells)

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10
Q

What is Stratum Granulosum?

A

3-5 rows of flattened Keratinocytes, in which organelles are beginning to degenerate
Cells contain the protein Keratohyalin (converts Keratin intermediate filaments into Keratin) and Lamellar Granules (release lipid-rich, water-repellant secretion)

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11
Q

What is Stratum Lucidum?

A

Only in Thick Skin (fingertips, palms, soles)
Consists of 4-6 rows of clear, flat, dead Keratinocytes with large amounts of Keratin

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12
Q

What is Stratum Corneum?

A

Few to 50 or more rows of dead, flat Keratinocytes that contain mostly Keratin

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13
Q

What is the Dermis made of?

A

Dermis composed of connective tissue containing Collagen and Elastic Fibers

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14
Q

What is the Papillary Region of the Dermis?

A

Superficial portion of Dermis
Consists of Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and elastic fibers
Contains Dermal Ridges that house blood capillaries, Corpuscle of Touch, and Free Nerve Endings

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15
Q

What is the Reticular Region of the Dermis?

A

Deeper portion of Dermis
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
Spaces between fiber contain adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

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16
Q

What are Skin Pigments?

A

Melanin:
Produced by Melanocytes in Stratum Basale
Pheomelanin
Eumelanin

Hemoglobin:
Red pigment in RBC

Carotene (Vitamin A):
Yellow-orange pigment store in Stratum Corneum and adipose tissue

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17
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Congenital disorder
Complete or partial absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes
Due to a defect of an enzyme involved in production of Melanin

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18
Q

What is Vitiligo?

A

Chronic disease
Causes depigmentation patches in skin
Likely a combination of genetic factors couple with an autoimmune disease

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19
Q

What is Hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous layer
Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

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20
Q

What is Hair?

A

Present on most body surfaces except palms/soles and palmar surfaces of fingers and plantar surfaces of feet
Composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells
Genetic and hormonal influences determine thickness and distribution of hair

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21
Q

What is Hair Structure?

A

Hair Bulb:
Swelling at base where hair originates in dermis
Surrounds hair papilla, composed of connective tissue
Only region with living epithelial cells

Hair Root:
Zone of hair from bulb to skin surface

Hair Shaft:
Portion of hair beyond skin surface

22
Q

What is Hair Components?

A

Hair Matrix:
Structure at base of hair bulb
Epithelial cells divide here
Produce new cells, gradually pushed toward surface

Medulla:
Remnant of matrix
Flexible, soft Keratin

Cortex:
Flattened cells closer to outer hair surface
Relatively hard

Cuticle:
Single cell layer around cortex

Hair Follicle:
Oblique tube surrounding hair root
Extends into dermis and sometimes hypodermis
Outer connective tissue root sheath originating in dermis
Inner epithelial tissue root sheath originating in epidermis

Arrector Pili:
Thin ribbons of smooth muscle
Extend from hair follicle to dermal papillae
Elevates hair with contraction (Goosebumps)

22
Q

What is Function of Hair?

A

Protection from injury and particles
Facial Expression
Heat Retention (prevent heat loss from scalp)
Sensory Reception (light touch)
Visual Identification (age, sex, specific individuals)
Chemical Signal Dispersal (pheromones)

23
Q

What are the Hair Growth Stages?

A

Anagen - Growth Stage
Catagen - Regression Stage
Telogen - Resting Stage

24
What are the Types of Hairs?
Lanugo: Covers fetus Terminal: Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs Vellus: Short, fine, pale hairs In chronically ill people or old age
25
What determines Hair Color?
Primarily due to amount and type of Melanin present in the keratinized cells of the hair
26
What are Skin Glands?
4 Types of skin glands: 1- Sebaceous (oil) glands: Connected to hair follicles 2- Eccrine Sweat glands: Most numerous 3- Apocrine Sweat glands: Mainly in hairy skin areas 4- Ceruminous glands: Modified sweat glands located in ear canal
27
What are Sebaceous (oil) Glands, and what do they do?
Location: Lips Glans penis Labia Minora Tarsal Glands Some in trunk and limbs Absent in palms and soles Location of secretory portion: Dermis Termination of excretory duct: Mostly connected to hair follicle Secretion: Sebum (mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts) Function: Prevent hairs from drying out Prevent water loss from skin Keep skin soft Inhibit growth of some bacteria Onset of function: Relatively inactive during childhood Activated during puberty
28
What are Eccrine Sweat Glands, and what do they do?
Location: Skin of most body regions Specially on forehead, palms, and soles Location of secretory portion: Deep in Dermis (sometimes in subcutaneous layer) Termination of excretory duct: Surface of epidermis Secretion: Perspiration, which consists of water, ions (Na+, Cl-), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid Function: Regulation of body temperature Waste removal Stimulated during emotional stress Onset of function: Soon after birth
29
What are Apocrine Sweat Glands, and what do they do?
Location: Skin of axillae Groin Areolae Bearded regions of face Clitoris Labia Minora Location of secretory portion: Deep in Dermis and upper subcutaneous layer Termination of excretory duct: Hair follicles Secretion: Perspiration, which consists of water, ions (Na+, Cl-), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid Plus lipids and proteins Function: Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement Onset of function: Puberty
30
What are Ceruminous Glands, and what do they do?
Location: External auditory canal Location of secretory portion: Subcutaneous layer Termination of excretory duct: Surface of external auditory canal or into ducts of sebaceous glands Secretion: Cerumen, a waxy material Function: Impede entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal Waterproof canal Prevent microbes from entering cells Onset of function: Soon after birth
31
What are Nails?
Made of keratinized epidermal cells
32
What are Nail Structures?
From beginning to end: 1- Nail Root: Not visible 2- Eponychium (Cuticle): The Stratum Corneum of epidermis 3- Lunula: Thick white part of nail 4- Nail Bed: Skin below nail plate 5- Nail Body: Visible portion of nail 6- Free Edge: Extends past fingers or toes 7- Hyponychium: Secures nail to fingertip Nail Matrix: Epithelium proximal to nail root Contains dividing cells which produce new nail cells
33
What is Thin Skin?
Location: All arts of body except palms, soles, and palmar surfaces of digits Epidermal Strata: Stratum Lucidum essentially lacking Thinner Strata Spinosum and Corneum Epidermal Ridges: Lacking due to poorly developed, fewer, less-well-organized dermal papillae Hair follicles and Arrector Pili Muscles: Present Sebaceous Glands: Present Sudoriferous Glands: Fewer Sensory Receptors: Sparser
34
What is Thick Skin?
Location: Areas such as palms, soles, and palmar surfaces of digits Epidermal Strata: Stratum Lucidum present Thicker Strata Spinosum and Corneum Epidermal Ridges: Present due to well-developed and more numerous dermal papillae organized in parallel rows Hair follicles and Arrector Pili Muscles: Absent Sebaceous Glands: Absent Sudoriferous Glands: More numerous Sensory Receptors: Denser
35
What are the functions of the Skin?
1- Thermoregulation: Sweating Blood flow to Dermis 2- Blood reservoir: Many blood vessels in Dermis Can hold 8-10% of total blood flow 3- Protection: Prevents microorganisms from entering skin Keratin Lipids released by lamellar granules Sebum Acidic sweat Melanin Macrophages 4- Cutaneous sensations: Tactile Sensations - Touch, pressure, vibration, tickle Thermal Sensations Pain Sensations 5- Excretion and Absorption Transdermal drug administration 6- Synthesis of Vitamin D UV rays activate precursor molecule Calcitriol that allows Vitamin D to be made Vitamin D aids in absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract
36
What is Epidermal Wound Healing?
Occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis Division of Stratum Basale cells and migration across wound Thickening or epidermis
37
What is Deep Wound Healing?
Additional steps occur when an injury extends into Dermis and Subcutaneous Layer
38
What develops from Ectoderm?
CNS Skin Extremities Ears Teeth Hair Nails Pituitary glands
39
What develops from Mesoderm?
Mesoderm gives rise to the Mesenchyme Connective tissues Fats Muscles Bones Vessels Collagen Elastic fibers Tendons Some organs like Testes and Ovaries Adrenal Glands Spleen Blood vessels Heart
40
What develops from Endoderm?
GI Tract Organs Lungs Liver
41
What happens to integumentary System with Aging?
Wrinkles Dehydration and cracking Sweat production decreases Numbers of functional melanocytes decreases which results in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation Subcutaneous fat is lost and skin thickness decreases Nails become more brittle
42
What is Skin Cancer?
Excessive exposure to UV light is most common cause of skin cancer 3 Types of skin cancer: 1- Basal Cell Carcinoma 2- Squamous Cell Carcinoma 3- Malignant Melanoma
43
What are Burns?
Burn is tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in skin cells Burns are graded according to severity 1st Degree Burn: Epidermis 2nd Degree Burn: Epidermis and Dermis 3rd Degree Burn: Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous Layer
44
What is the Rule of Nines for Burns?
Used to estimate surface area of an adult affected by a burn Adult: Anterior and posterior head and neck - 9% Anterior and posterior trunk - 36% Anterior and posterior shoulders, arms, forearms, and hands - 18% Perineum - 1% Anterior and posterior thighs, legs, and feet - 36% Child: Anterior and posterior head and neck - 18% Anterior and posterior trunk - 36% Anterior and posterior shoulders, arms, forearms, and hands - 18% Perineum - 1% Anterior and posterior thighs, legs, and feet - 14%
45
What is a Pressure Ulcer?
Shedding of epithelium caused by deficiency of blood flow to tissues can cause pressure ulcers (bed sores)
46
What is a Nevus?
Mole Harmless localized overgrowth of melanocytes Rarely turns malignant
47
What is Freckles?
Yellowish or brown spots Localized areas of increased melanocyte activity
48
What is a Hemangioma?
Skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor Capillary Hemangioma: Bright red to deep purple nodules Usually present at birth and disappear in childhood Strawberry-colored birthmarks Cavernous Hemangioma: Larger dermal blood vessels May last a lifetime Port-wine stains
49
What is a Friction Ridge?
Small conical pegs in thin skin Complex arches and whorls on finger, palms, soles, and toes Large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis Increase friction on contact Fingerprints
50
What are Line of Cleavage?
Fibers contribute to skin characteristics Stretch marks if skin stretched beyond capabilities Incision perpendicular to cleavage lines may gape and delay healing Incision parallel to cleavage lines more likely to heal quickly and not gape

Anatomy & Physiology Review I (30 decks)

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