Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The study of structure.
What is Physiology?
The study of how body parts function.
What is Embryology?
The study of the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
What is Developmental Biology?
The study of the complete development of an individual from birth to death.
What is Cell Biology?
The study of cellular structures and functions.
What is Histology?
The study of microscopic structure of tissues.
What is Gross Anatomy?
The study of structures that can be examined without a microscope.
What is Systemic Anatomy?
The study of structure of specific systems of the body.
(ex: Nervous System)
What is Regional Anatomy?
The study of specific regions of the body.
(ex: Head)
What is Surface Anatomy?
The study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
What is Imaging Anatomy?
The study of internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as X-Rays, MRI, CT Scan, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
What is Pathological Anatomy?
The study of structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
What is Molecular Physiology?
The study of functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
What is Neurophysiology?
The study of functional properties of nerve cells.
What is Endocrinology?
The study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
What is Cardiovascular Physiology?
The study of functions of the heart and blood vessels.
What is Immunology?
The study of the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
What is Respiratory Physiology?
The study of the functions of air passageways and lungs.
What is Renal Physiology?
The study of the functions of the kidneys.
What is Exercise Physiology?
The study of the changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activities.
What is Pathophysiology?
The study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.
What are the levels of structural organization?
1- Chemical
2- Cellular
3- Tissue
4- Organ
5- System
6- Organismal
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
1- Integumentary
2- Skeletal
3- Muscular
4- Nervous
5- Endocrine
6- Cardiovascular
7- Lymphatic/Immune
8- Respiratory
9- Digestive
10- Urinary
11- Reproductive
What are the components and functions of the Integumentary System?
Components:
Skin and associated structures such as:
Hair
Fingernails/Toenails
Sweat Glands
Oil Glands
Functions:
Protect body
Helps regulate body temperature
Eliminate some waste
Helps make Vitamin D
Detect sensation like touch, pain, warmth, cold
Store fat
Provide insulation
What are the components and functions of the Muscular System?
Components:
Skeletal muscle tissue
(usually attached to bones
Functions:
Participate in body movements like walking
Maintain posture
Produce heat
What are the components and functions of the Skeletal System?
Components:
Bones
Joints and their associated Cartilages
Functions:
Support and protect body
Surface area for muscle attachments
Aid body movements
House cells that produce blood cells
Store minerals and lipids (fats)
What are the components and functions of the Nervous System?
Components:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special sense organs like eyes and ears
Functions:
Generate action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
Detect changes in body’s internal and external environments
Interpret changes
Responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
What are the components and functions of the Endocrine System?
Components:
Hormone-producing glands like:
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thymus
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Other hormone-producing cells in several organs
Functions:
Regulate body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine glands or tissue to target organs)
What are the components and functions of the Cardiovascular System?
Components:
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels
Functions:
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
Blood carries carbon dioxide and waste away from cells
Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids
Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
What are the components and functions of the Lymphatic System and Immunity?
Components:
Lymphatic Fluid and Vessels
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils
Cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
Functions:
Returns protein and fluid to blood
Carries lipids from GI tract to blood
Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
What are the components and functions of the Respiratory System?
Components:
Lungs
Air Passageways like:
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchial Tubes - leading into and out of lungs
Functions:
Transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood
Transfer carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
What are the components and functions of the Digestive System?
Components;
Organs of the GI tract like:
Mouth
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus (food tube)
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Anus
Also accessory organs that assist in digestive progress like:
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Functions:
Achieve physical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorb Nutrients
Eliminate solid waste
What are the components and functions of the Urinary System?
Components:
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Functions:
Produce, store, and eliminate urine
Eliminate wastes and regulate volume and chemical composition of blood
Help maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
Maintain body’s mineral balance
Help regulate production red blood cells
What are the components and functions of the Reproductive System?
Components:
Gonads (Testes in males, and Ovaries in females)
And their associated organs:
Female:
Uterine Tubes/Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary Glands
Male:
Epididymis
Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Penis
Functions:
Gonads produce Gametes (Sperm or Oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
Associated organs transport and store gametes
Mammary Glands produce milk
What are the Life Processes in Humans?
1- Metabolism
2- Responsiveness
3- Movement
4- Growth
5- Differentiation
6- Reproduction
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment.
It is regulated by the body’s regulatory processes.
What is Extracellular Fluid?
Extracellular Fluid is the fluid surrounding our body cells (Interstitial Fluid, and Blood Plasma).
The cells’ survival depends on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of Extracellular Fluid.
What are Homeostatic Imbalances?
When Homeostasis is disrupted, it may result in disease, disorder, or death.
Disruptions can be from the internal or external environments.
Factors such as genetic make-up, air breathed, food eaten, and thoughts, can all affect health.
Homeostasis can be restored with positive or negative feedback loops.
What is a Feedback Loop?
1- Stimulus:
Disrupts Homeostasis by increasing or decreasing Controlled Condition
2- Controlled Condition:
Is monitored by a Receptor
3- Receptor:
Sends nerve impulses or chemical signal to a Control Center
4- Control Center:
Receives input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to Effectors
5- Effectors:
Bring about a change or Response
6- Response:
Alters the Controlled Condition
When the controlled condition returns to normal, return to Homeostasis.
What is an example of Negative Feedback Loop?
Increased Blood Pressure.
Baroreceptors detect that and send nerve impulses to Brain.
Brain sends nerve impulses to Heart and Blood Vessels.
Heart decreases heart rate, and Blood Vessels decrease vasodilation.
Make Blood Pressure drop back to normal.
Repeats until Blood pressure normal.
What is an example of a Positive Feedback Loop?
Stretching of the Cervix when baby’s head forces in there.
Stretch-sensitive receptors detect it and send nerve impulses to Brain.
Brains releases oxytocin that go to Muscles of Uterus.
Muscles in wall of Uterus contract more.
Cervix stretches more.
Repeats until baby is born, then cervix return to normal.
What is the Anatomical Position?
Standardized position.
Person stands erect.
Facing observer
Upper extremities placed at sides
Palms of hands face forward
Feet flat on floor.
In the Cephalic Region, what are the regional names for:
Skull
Face
Forehead
Temple
Eye
Ear
Cheek
Nose
Mouth
Chin
Base of skull (posterior)
Cranial
Facial
Frontal
Temporal
Orbital/Ocular
Otic
Buccal
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Occipital
What is the Cervical Region?
The neck
In the Trunk Region, what are the regional names for:
Chest
Abdomen
Pelvis
Back
Loin
Between hips
Buttock
Region of anus and external genitals
Shoulder blades
Spinal column
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Dorsal
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
Scapular
Vertebral
What are the regional names for:
Armpit
Arm
Front of elbow
Back of elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Palm
Fingers
Thigh
Anterior surface of the knee
Leg
Foot
Ankle
Toes
Top of foot
Great toe
Sole
Heel
Breastbone
Breast
Navel
Hip
Groin
Hand
Back of hand
Thumb
Pubis
Calf
Hollow behind knee
Axillary
Brachial
Antecubital
Olecranal/Cubital
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar/Volar
Digital/Phalangeal
Femoral
Patellar
Crural
Pedal
Tarsal
Digital/Phalangeal
Dorsum
Hallux
Plantar
Calcaneal
Sternal
Mammary
Umbilical
Coxal
Inguinal
Manual
Dorsum
Pollex
Pubic
Sural
Popliteal
What does the following directional term mean?
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Superior: Toward head or upper part of a structure
Inferior: Away from head or lower part of a structure
Anterior: Front of body
Posterior: Back of body
Medial: Near midline
Lateral: Farther from midline
Intermediate: Between 2 structures
Ipsilateral: On same side of body as another structure
Contralateral: On opposite side of body from another structure
Proximal: Near attachment of a limb to the trunk or to a structure
Distal: Farther from attachment of a limb to the trunk or structure
Superficial: Toward surface of body
Deep: Away from surface of body
What does the following Plane and Section mean?
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Midsagittal Plane
Parasagittal Plane
Transverse/Corss-sectional Plane
Oblique Plane
Frontal/Coronal: Cut front and back
Midsagittal: Cut equal right and left
Parasagittal: Cut unequal right and left
Transverse/Cross-sectional: cut up and down
Oblique: Cut diagonal right and left
What are Body Cavities?
Body Cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
What is the Cranial Cavity?
Formed by cranial bones and contains Brain
What is the Vertebral Cavity?
Formed by vertebral column and contains Spinal Cord and the beginnings of Spinal Nerves
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
Chest Cavity, contains Pleural and Pericardial Cavities, and Mediastinum
Pleural Cavity:
Potential space between layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
Pericardial Cavity:
Potential space between layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
Mediastinum:
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs, extends from sternum to vertebral column, from first rib to diaphragm
Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Abdominopelvic Cavity is subdivided into Abdominal and Pelvic cavities
Abdominal Cavity:
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the Peritoneum
Pelvic Cavity:
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
What are Serous Membranes?
Thin, double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within thoracic and abdominal cavities
Line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
Serous Fluid secreted:
Secreted by cells in Serous Membranes
Reduce friction
2 Layers:
Visceral Layer
Parietal Layer
What are the Serous Membranes in the Thoracic Cavity?
Pericardium covers Heart
Pleura cover Lungs
Pericardium is made of the Pericardial Cavity, sandwiched between an outer Parietal Pericardium and inner Visceral Pericardium
Pleura is made of Pleural Cavity, sandwiched between an outer Parietal Pleura and inner Visceral Pleura
What does the Peritoneum do?
Peritoneum covers many abdominal organs
Retroperitoneal: organs posterior to Peritoneum, that are not surrounded by Peritoneum
What are the Abdominopelvic Regions?
Divided at Midclavicular Lines
Divided at Subcostal Line and Transtubercular Line
Start from Diaphragm to Rectum
Top 3 :
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Mid 3:
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumber Region
Bottom 3:
Right Inguinal Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Inguinal Region
What are the Abdominopelvic Quadrants?
Divided at Median Line and Transumbilical Line
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
What is Medical Imaging?
Medical Imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body
Allow physician to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities
Radiography:
X-Ray
MRI and CT Scan
Ultrasound
CCTA and PET Scan
Endoscopy
Radionuclide Scanning
