Chapter 9

Question 1

What are cognition processes

Answer 1

1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Learning
4. Thinking
5. Skill acquisition
6. Reading, speaking and listening

Question 2

What is attention

Answer 2

Ability of mind to focus on one thing at a time

Question 3

What are 2 cognitive framework

Answer 3

1. Human information processing model

2. Human processor model

Question 4

What are different types of attention

Answer 4

• Visual attention

- Auditory attention

Question 5

What are different categories of attention

Answer 5

1- Focused attention (talking to one person)

2- Divided attention (talking to a person driving car)

Question 6

What happens in focused attention

Answer 6

Senses->short term store->processing

Question 7

What is voluntary and involuntary attention

Answer 7

Voluntary attention is we are in a room and trying to listen someone voice.
Involuntary attention is we are working and someone else listening music. This is example of Involuntary attention

Question 8

What are factors effecting attentional focus

Answer 8

• meaningfulness
• structure of display
• use of color, intensity
• use of modalities

Question 9

What is memory

Answer 9

It involves encoding and recalling knowledge and acting appropriately

Question 10

Memory works in a way that it selects selected things to store, what it is called

Answer 10

Filtering e.g. what we were doing on last year 16 December. we do not remember everything.

Question 11

What are models of memory

Answer 11

Sensory model -> Short term model (working memory) -> Long term model

Question 12

What are types of sensory model

Answer 12

1. Iconic: for visual stimulus (fireworks trail, finger movement)
2. Aural: for auditory stimulus (repeat a question)
3. Haptic: touch stimulus

Question 13

Does sensory memory just like computer short term memory where information overwritten again and again

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What about short term memory

Answer 14

Scratch pad for temporary recall.
rapid access ~ 70 ms
rapid decay ~ 200 ms

Question 15

What is closure

Answer 15

chunk formation

Question 16

How much digits we can remember in chunk formation

Answer 16

7 plus minus 2

Question 17

What are 2 effects in short term memory

Answer 17

1- Recency effect

2- Primacy effect

Question 18

What is recency effect

Answer 18

Better recall for items at the end of the list because these items are still active in STM (and possibly in SM) at the time of recall.

Question 19

What is primacy effect

Answer 19

better recall for items at the beginning of list (because they are rehearsed more and eyes see them again and again)

Question 20

What about long term memory

Answer 20

Organized as a network of connected chunks of knowledge. Memory saved for weeks, months and years.

Question 21

What are 3 types of long term memory

Answer 21

1. Episodic memory (events and experiences in serial form)
2. Semantic memory (structured record of facts, concepts and skills) . It is in structured form
3. Script model (memory instantiated with values)