Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is membranous epithelium?
-lines surfaces
What are the functions of the epithelium?
- protection
- sensory
- secretion
- absorption
- excretion
What does avascular mean?
-Without blood
What are the avascular structures discussed in Chapter 9?
- Epithelium
- Cartilage
- Tendons
What is the basement membrane?
-thin, double extracellular layer that serves as a point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue
What is the basement lamina?
- close to and secreted by epithelial cells
- contains glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans
What is the reticular lamina?
- closer to the underlying connective tissue
- contains collagen secreted by connective tissue cells
What are the different kinds of epithelial tissue?
- Membranous: Cutaneous, Serous, and Mucous
- Glandular
Where is cutaneous tissue found?
-the skin
What is the function of cutaneous tissue?
-it protects tissues and organs from the external environment
Where is serous tissue found?
-heart, abdomen, and lungs
What is the function of serous tissue?
-double layer that secretes lubricating liquid to prevent damage from friction
Where is mucous tissue found?
- in areas that open to the outside
- nose, ears, mouth, anus
What is the function of mucous tissue?
-to trap the bad things that come into the body and not allow them to pass any further
Where is glandular tissue found?
- endocrine glands
- exocrine glands
What is the function of glandular tissue?
-to secrete hormones into the blood and outside world
What are endocrine glands?
-glands that secrete hormones into the blood system
What are exocrine glands?
-glands that secrete hormones outside of the body
Where are the endocrine glands found?
ex. hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands
Where are the exocrine glands found?
ex. sweat, salivary, mammary, and sebaceous glands
What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?
- simple or compound
- tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar
What are the three ways that exocrine glands secrete their product?
- Apocrine
- Holocrine
- Merocrine
What is Apocrine secretion and where is it found?
- the plasma membrane balloons off
- found in mammary glands
What is Holocrine secretion and where is it found?
- the cell ruptures and releases all of its contents
- found in sweat glands
What is Merocrine secretion and where is it found?
- channel proteins allow the product to release
- found in salivary glands
Simple squamous
-good for diffusion
What is the endothelium and where is it found?
- simple squamous epithelium
- lines inside of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels
What is mesothelium and where is it found?
- simple squamous epithelium
- lines serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum)
Simple cuboidal
- good for secretion
- glands
Simple columnar
- good for ABSORPTION and secretion
- digestive tract
Apical part of a cell
-faces the ECM
Basal part of the cell
-faces the internal part of the cell
Goblet cells
-cells that are in between the columnar cells that secrete mucus
Pseudostratified columnar
-found in the respiratory tract
Stratified squamous
- named by the looks of the top layer only
- protection
- skin, esophagus, vagina
What is keratinized?
-skin
What is nonkeratinized?
-mouth, esophagus, vagina
What are the functions of connective tissue?
- binds tissues
- supports and strengthens tissues
- transports (blood)
- protects and insulates internal organs
- energy reserve
- immune responses
What does vascular mean?
-With blood
Is connective tissue vascular?
-Yes, except for cartilage and tendons
What are the components of the Extracellular Matrix?
- ground substance (binds cells, store water, allows exchange between blood and cells)
- fibers
- proteoglycans
What are the three fibers found in the ECM?
- collagenous
- reticular
- elastic
What cells are found in connective tissue?
- Fibroblasts
- Adipocytes
- Mast, WBC, Macrophages, Plasma Cells
What is the role of the Fibroblasts?
- make cartilage
- secrete fibers and components of ground substance
What is the role of adipocytes?
-store fat
What are the roles of:
- mast cells
- WBCs
- Macrophages
- Plasma Cells
-they all have a different immune response
What are the classifications of connective tissue?
- Fibrous
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Blood
What is fibrous tissue?
-loose connective tissue
What is loose fibrous (areolar) connective tissue?
- tissue between tissues and organs
- stretchable
- contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and all 3 fibers
What is adipose tissue?
What does it contain?
What are its three functions?
- fat tissue
- energy storage, insulation, protection
- contains TRIGLYCERIDES
What are the differences between white and brown adipose tissue?
- brown: babies
- white: adults
What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found?
- a fine net of reticular fibers
- spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
What is dense fibrous connective tissue?
- contains many fibers packed densely
- few fibroblast cells
- looks disorganized
What are characteristics of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- bundles of collagen fibers intertwine irregular arrangements
- can withstand stress from any direction
- strong inner skin layer, dermis
What are characteristics of collagenous regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- bundles of collagen fibers arranged in regular parallel rows
- found in tendons and ligaments
What are characteristics of
elastic regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- contains branching elastic fibers
- can recoil to their original shape
- found in lung tissue and arteries
What are bones?
- organs composed of different connective tissues:
- periosteum
- bone tissue
- endosteum
What types of bone are there?
- compact
- cancellous or spongey
What is the function of compact bone?
- support and protection
- mineral reserve
- made of many osteons
What is the function of spongey bone?
- produce new blood cells
- support red bone marrow
- gives internal support to the bone
What types of fibers make up cartilage?
- collagen fibers
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
What are chondrocytes?
- cartilage cells
- produce fibers and tough, rubbery ground substance of cartilage
What is the perichondrium and what is unique about it?
- connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage
- contains blood vessels- nutrients diffuse into cartilage from here
What are the three types of cartilage?
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
Where do you find the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline: low collagen, most prevalent, found in trachea and end of bones; flexibility, support, reduces friction
Fibrocartilage: strongest, dense collagen, shock absorbers, in between vertebrae and knee joints
Elastic: few collagen, lots of elastic, highly flexible; ear, voice box
What is important about blood?
-Blood is a liquid; no fibers except when clotting
What are the functions of muscle?
- movement, generating heat, protection
- elongated muscle fibers called myocytes
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
Describe skeletal muscle and where it’s found.
- voluntary
- striated
- multinucleated
- attached to bones
Describe smooth muscle and where it’s found.
- involuntary
- nonstriated
- single nucleus
- in the walls of hollow organs
- blood vessels, airways, stomach, intestines
Describe cardiac muscle and where it’s found.
- involuntary
- striated
- single nucleus
- intercalated discs (gap junctions)
- in heart
What types of cells make up nervous tissue?
- neurons
- neuroglia
Where is nervous tissue found?
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
What is the function of nervous tissue?
-rapidly regulates the activities of different parts of the body
