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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is membranous epithelium?

A

-lines surfaces

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2
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium?

A
  • protection
  • sensory
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
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3
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

-Without blood

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4
Q

What are the avascular structures discussed in Chapter 9?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
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5
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

-thin, double extracellular layer that serves as a point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What is the basement lamina?

A
  • close to and secreted by epithelial cells

- contains glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans

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7
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A
  • closer to the underlying connective tissue

- contains collagen secreted by connective tissue cells

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8
Q

What are the different kinds of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Membranous: Cutaneous, Serous, and Mucous

- Glandular

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9
Q

Where is cutaneous tissue found?

A

-the skin

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10
Q

What is the function of cutaneous tissue?

A

-it protects tissues and organs from the external environment

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11
Q

Where is serous tissue found?

A

-heart, abdomen, and lungs

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12
Q

What is the function of serous tissue?

A

-double layer that secretes lubricating liquid to prevent damage from friction

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13
Q

Where is mucous tissue found?

A
  • in areas that open to the outside

- nose, ears, mouth, anus

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14
Q

What is the function of mucous tissue?

A

-to trap the bad things that come into the body and not allow them to pass any further

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15
Q

Where is glandular tissue found?

A
  • endocrine glands

- exocrine glands

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16
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

-to secrete hormones into the blood and outside world

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17
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones into the blood system

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18
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones outside of the body

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19
Q

Where are the endocrine glands found?

A

ex. hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands

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20
Q

Where are the exocrine glands found?

A

ex. sweat, salivary, mammary, and sebaceous glands

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21
Q

What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?

A
  • simple or compound

- tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar

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22
Q

What are the three ways that exocrine glands secrete their product?

A
  • Apocrine
  • Holocrine
  • Merocrine
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23
Q

What is Apocrine secretion and where is it found?

A
  • the plasma membrane balloons off

- found in mammary glands

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24
Q

What is Holocrine secretion and where is it found?

A
  • the cell ruptures and releases all of its contents

- found in sweat glands

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25
Q

What is Merocrine secretion and where is it found?

A
  • channel proteins allow the product to release

- found in salivary glands

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26
Q

Simple squamous

A

-good for diffusion

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27
Q

What is the endothelium and where is it found?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium

- lines inside of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels

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28
Q

What is mesothelium and where is it found?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium

- lines serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum)

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29
Q

Simple cuboidal

A
  • good for secretion

- glands

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30
Q

Simple columnar

A
  • good for ABSORPTION and secretion

- digestive tract

31
Q

Apical part of a cell

A

-faces the ECM

32
Q

Basal part of the cell

A

-faces the internal part of the cell

33
Q

Goblet cells

A

-cells that are in between the columnar cells that secrete mucus

34
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

-found in the respiratory tract

35
Q

Stratified squamous

A
  • named by the looks of the top layer only
  • protection
  • skin, esophagus, vagina
36
Q

What is keratinized?

A

-skin

37
Q

What is nonkeratinized?

A

-mouth, esophagus, vagina

38
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • binds tissues
  • supports and strengthens tissues
  • transports (blood)
  • protects and insulates internal organs
  • energy reserve
  • immune responses
39
Q

What does vascular mean?

A

-With blood

40
Q

Is connective tissue vascular?

A

-Yes, except for cartilage and tendons

41
Q

What are the components of the Extracellular Matrix?

A
  • ground substance (binds cells, store water, allows exchange between blood and cells)
  • fibers
  • proteoglycans
42
Q

What are the three fibers found in the ECM?

A
  • collagenous
  • reticular
  • elastic
43
Q

What cells are found in connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Adipocytes
  • Mast, WBC, Macrophages, Plasma Cells
44
Q

What is the role of the Fibroblasts?

A
  • make cartilage

- secrete fibers and components of ground substance

45
Q

What is the role of adipocytes?

A

-store fat

46
Q

What are the roles of:

  • mast cells
  • WBCs
  • Macrophages
  • Plasma Cells
A

-they all have a different immune response

47
Q

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Blood
48
Q

What is fibrous tissue?

A

-loose connective tissue

49
Q

What is loose fibrous (areolar) connective tissue?

A
  • tissue between tissues and organs
  • stretchable
  • contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and all 3 fibers
50
Q

What is adipose tissue?
What does it contain?
What are its three functions?

A
  • fat tissue
  • energy storage, insulation, protection
  • contains TRIGLYCERIDES
51
Q

What are the differences between white and brown adipose tissue?

A
  • brown: babies

- white: adults

52
Q

What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found?

A
  • a fine net of reticular fibers

- spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

53
Q

What is dense fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • contains many fibers packed densely
  • few fibroblast cells
  • looks disorganized
54
Q

What are characteristics of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?

A
  • bundles of collagen fibers intertwine irregular arrangements
  • can withstand stress from any direction
  • strong inner skin layer, dermis
55
Q

What are characteristics of collagenous regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?

A
  • bundles of collagen fibers arranged in regular parallel rows
  • found in tendons and ligaments
56
Q

What are characteristics of

elastic regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?

A
  • contains branching elastic fibers
  • can recoil to their original shape
  • found in lung tissue and arteries
57
Q

What are bones?

A
  • organs composed of different connective tissues:
    • periosteum
    • bone tissue
    • endosteum
58
Q

What types of bone are there?

A
  • compact

- cancellous or spongey

59
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A
  • support and protection
  • mineral reserve
  • made of many osteons
60
Q

What is the function of spongey bone?

A
  • produce new blood cells
  • support red bone marrow
  • gives internal support to the bone
61
Q

What types of fibers make up cartilage?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
62
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A
  • cartilage cells

- produce fibers and tough, rubbery ground substance of cartilage

63
Q

What is the perichondrium and what is unique about it?

A
  • connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage

- contains blood vessels- nutrients diffuse into cartilage from here

64
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
65
Q

Where do you find the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline: low collagen, most prevalent, found in trachea and end of bones; flexibility, support, reduces friction
Fibrocartilage: strongest, dense collagen, shock absorbers, in between vertebrae and knee joints
Elastic: few collagen, lots of elastic, highly flexible; ear, voice box

66
Q

What is important about blood?

A

-Blood is a liquid; no fibers except when clotting

67
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A
  • movement, generating heat, protection

- elongated muscle fibers called myocytes

68
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
69
Q

Describe skeletal muscle and where it’s found.

A
  • voluntary
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • attached to bones
70
Q

Describe smooth muscle and where it’s found.

A
  • involuntary
  • nonstriated
  • single nucleus
  • in the walls of hollow organs
  • blood vessels, airways, stomach, intestines
71
Q

Describe cardiac muscle and where it’s found.

A
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • single nucleus
  • intercalated discs (gap junctions)
  • in heart
72
Q

What types of cells make up nervous tissue?

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

73
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
74
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

-rapidly regulates the activities of different parts of the body

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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