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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A
  • communication
  • allows the body to work together like a machine
  • responsible for behaviors, memories, and movements
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2
Q

What structures and organs make up the nervous systems?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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3
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory
  • integrative function
  • motor
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4
Q

Describe the sensory function.

A
  • senses changes in internal and external environment

- uses sensory neurons

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5
Q

Describe the integrative function.

A
  • analyzes sensory information and makes decisions

- association or interneurons perform this function

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6
Q

Describe the motor function.

A
  • responds to stimuli by initiating action

- uses motor neurons

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  • Afferent and Efferent Divisions
  • Somatic and Autonomis Systems
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8
Q

What is the role of the CNS?

A
  • the structural and functional center of the entire nervous system
  • integrates incoming pieces of sensory information, evaluate it, and initiate an outgoing response
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9
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

-nerve tissues that lie in the periphery

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10
Q

What structures are part of the CNS?

A

-brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What structures are part of the PNS?

A

-cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

What type of information is sent afferently?

A

-incoming sensory pathways

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13
Q

What type of information is sent efferently?

A

-outgoing motor pathways

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14
Q

What are the target structures of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • carry information to the skeletal muscles

- receives information from the somatic sensory division

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15
Q

What are the target structures of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • carry information to the visceral effectors

- involuntary

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16
Q

What are two types of autonomic responses?

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)

- parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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17
Q

What is the enteric nervous system? What is unique about it?

A
  • the second brain
  • in the wall of the gut
  • can act somewhat independently
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18
Q

What are glia?

A
  • cells that support the function of neurons

- maintain their ability to divide throughout adulthood

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19
Q

What are the neuroglia of the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
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20
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A

-schwann cells

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21
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • attach neurons to tiny blood capillaries in the brain
  • this feeds the neurons by picking up glucose in the blood
  • coordinate the production of new neurons
  • contribute to blood brain barrier
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22
Q

What do astrocytes look like?

A

-star shaped cells

23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? Function?

A
  • a double barrier made up of astrocyte feet and endothelial cells
  • prevents large molecules to pass through and enter the blood stream
24
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier clinically important?

A

-it is difficult for brain disorder treatments to work

25
Q

What are microglia? Function?

A
  • cells that engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris
  • phagocytosis
26
Q

What are ependymal cells? Function?

A
  • cells that form sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
  • produce fluid
27
Q

What unique cell process do ependymal cells have?

A

-contain cilia that helps circulate fluid

28
Q

What are oligodendrocytes? Function?

A
  • cells that produce a fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers
  • help hold nerve fibers together
29
Q

What are schwann cells? Function?

A
  • cells that use themselves to wrap around a single nerve fiber
  • nodes of ranvier
30
Q

What is a satellite cell?

A

-surrounds the cell body of a neuron

31
Q

Describe the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated.

A
  • myelinated: white matter, wrapped with cells

- unmyelinated: grey matter, just held together, not wrapped

32
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A
  • soma
  • axon
  • dendrites
33
Q

What is the cell body and what do you find inside?

A
  • middle part

- contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, nissl bodies, and neurotransmitters

34
Q

What are dendrites and what is their function?

A
  • branch extensions from the body that has many receptors

- receive stimuli and conduct electrical signals toward the cell body

35
Q

What is the axon and what is their function?

A
  • single process from the bottom of the soma

- conducts impulses away from the cell body

36
Q

How does diameter and myelination relate to the speed of an electrical impulse?

A

-the larger the diameter the more rapid the conduction

37
Q

How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the function of the neuron?

A

-the microtubules form a railway for the rapid transport of small organelles to and from the far ends of the neuron

38
Q

What are the three structural types or neurons? Describe

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
39
Q

What are the three functional types of neurons? Define

A
  • afferent
  • efferent
  • interneurons
40
Q

Where do you find interneurons?

A

-in a three neuron arc

41
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A
  • a signal conduction route to and from the CNS

- like a regulatory feedback loop

42
Q

What is a three neuron arc?

A
  • the afferent neuron detects something like stepping on a nail
  • it goes up to the integrator and the interneuron
  • switches to the other side of the brain
  • the efferent neuron tells the opposite leg to hold and support all the body’s weight
43
Q

What is a two neuron arc?

A

-when the doctor hits you knee with a hammer and your leg kicks

44
Q

What is a synapse?

A

-the place where the nerve information is transmitted from one neuron to another

45
Q

What is a nerve?

A

-bundles of peripheral nerve fibers (axons and dendrites) that connect different regions of the nervous system

46
Q

What is the structure of a nerve?

A
  • endoneurium: surrounds the schwann cells
  • perineurium: surrounds bundles of nerve fibers; makes a fascicle
  • epineurium: surrounds many fascicles; the deep part separates each fascicle
47
Q

What is a tract?

A

-bundles of nerve fibers

48
Q

How are nerves different from tracts?

A
  • tracts do not have connective tissue coverings

- tracts are in the spinal cord and brain

49
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • myelinated

- tracts and nerves

50
Q

What is gray matter?

A

-unmyelinated

51
Q

What do you call collections of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS?

A
  • Nuclei in CNS

- Ganglia in PNS

52
Q

How are nerves repaired?

A
  1. myelin and axon break into droplets
  2. WBCs phagocytose droplets
  3. axonal sprount enters damaged area
  4. Schwann cells form new myelin sheaths
53
Q

Why is it hard for nerves to be repaired?

A
  • only occurs when damage is not extensive
  • soma and neurilemma are still intact
  • scarring cannot have occured

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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