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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

-regulates the involuntary effectors

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2
Q

What are the functions of the ANS?

A
  • heart beat regulation
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • glandular secretion
  • metabolism regulation
  • maintain homeostasis
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3
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
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4
Q

What does the enteric system do?

A
  • intestinal nervous system

- controls visceral effectors in the gut wall

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5
Q

When does the sympathetic nervous system become dominant?

A

-when fight or flight is activated

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6
Q

What does the Sympathetic NS do?

A
  • produce more energy
  • dilate pupils
  • increase heart rate and oxygen levels
  • divert blood to muscles
  • glycogenolysis
  • lipolysis
  • stimulates the adrenal gland which releases epinephrine which prolongs the effect
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7
Q

When is the parasympathetic nervous system dominant?

A

-normally

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8
Q

What does the PSNS do?

A
  • conserve and restore body energy
  • increase digestive and urinary function
  • decreased heart rate and bronchoconstriction
  • decrease functions that support activity
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9
Q

What is the general organization of the ANS? Which neurons are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A
  • autonomic nerves (efferent)
  • ganglia (cell bodies in the PNS)
  • plexuses
  • preganglionic neurons are myelinated
  • postganlionic neurons are unmyelinated
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10
Q

What is the difference between the structure of the somatic motor pathway and the autonomic nervous system pathway?

A
  • SMP: one efferent nerve; innervates skeletal muscle; uses acetylcholine
  • ANSP: two efferent nerves; innervates involuntary activity; uses acetylcholine or norepinephrine
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11
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons located? Sympathetic

A

-lateral horns of the spinal cord

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12
Q

Where are the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia located? Sympathetic

A
  • paravertebral: around blood vessels; C2 to coccyx

- prevertebral: lie between paravertebral ganglia and target organ

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13
Q

Once the impulse is in the sympathetic chain, where can it go? Sympathetic

A
  • synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron
  • go up or down then number 1
  • travel to prevertebral ganglia
  • travel to adrenal gland
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14
Q

What are splanchnic nerves? Sympathetic

A

-contribute to innervation of organs

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15
Q

What is unique about the adrenal gland? Sympathetic

A
  • releases hormones into bloodstream

- enhances and prolongs the effects of sympathetic stimulation

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16
Q

What do the postganglionic nerves do? Sympathetic

A

-send impulses to the effector

17
Q

Which neurons are long and which are short? Sympathetic

A
  • postganglionic neurons are long

- preganglionic neurons are short

18
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons located? Parasympathetic

A

-in brainstem and sacral spinal cord

19
Q

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic innervation?

A
  • oculomotor
  • facial
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
20
Q

Where are the ganglia located? Parasympathetic

A

-near or embedded in their effectors

21
Q

What do the postganglionic nerves then do? Parasympathetic

A

-receive the impulse and send their axons to the effector

22
Q

Which neurons are long and which are short? Why? Parasympathetic

A
  • preganglionic neurons are long

- postganglionic neurons are short

23
Q

What is a cholinergic receptor? Releases?

A

-a receptor that releases acetylcholine

24
Q

What is an adrenergic receptor? Releases?

A

-releases norepinephrine

25
Q

What neurons are cholinergic? Adrenergic?

A
  • Cholinergic: S. preganglionic, S. postganglionic if sweat glands, both PS
  • Adrenergic: only S. postganglionic
26
Q

What do cholinergic receptors bind?

A
  • bind acetylcholine

- neurons release; receptors bind

27
Q

What types of cholinergic receptors are there? Location?

A
  • nicotinic: in dendrites of postg. neurons; in adrenal medulla
  • muscarinic: in PS effectors (involuntary); in plasma membrane of sweat glands of SNS
28
Q

What types of adrenergic receptors are there? Location? Function?

A
  • Alpha: vasoconstriction of GI tract vessels, pupil dilation, increased sweating
  • Beta: vasodilation of skeletal muscle vessels, increased force and rate of contraction of heart, bronchodilation
  • on effectors!!
29
Q

What releases epinephrine? What does it do?

A
  • adrenal gland

- enhances and prolongs sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight)

30
Q

What are beta blockers? When is it used?

A
  • block norepinephrine binding to beta receptors

- used to lower high blood pressure

31
Q

What regulates the systems?

A

-hypothalamus

32
Q

What is an agonist?

A

-mimics the neurotransmitter

33
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

-blocks the neurotransmitter

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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