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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth?

A

-depends on the use of DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for survival

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2
Q

What is reproduction?

A

-ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Why does protein synthesis matter?

A

-required for cell growth and maintenance

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

-all the instructions for the cell

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

-a segment of a DNA molecule that contains the code for synthesizing one RNA molecule

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6
Q

Why does DNA matter for protein synthesis?

A

-it contains the instructions for how to make the proteins

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7
Q

What is RNA?

A

-phosphate group, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Why does RNA matter for protein synthesis?

A
  • codes the genes
  • makes ribosomes
  • delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
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9
Q

What kinds of RNA are there and what do they do?

A
  • mRNA: codes the genes
  • rRNA: makes ribosomes
  • tRNA: delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

-transcribes a portion of the DNA code

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11
Q

What is translation?

A

-the new RNA is broken down into three nitrogenous bases (codons) and read as specific amino acids thus creating the bases for proteins

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12
Q

How is the mRNA transcript edited?

A

-uses uracil instead of a thymine

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13
Q

What are introns and extons?

A
  • introns: noncoding regions; removed; sections of mRNA that aren’t needed
  • extons: coding regions; sections of mRNA that are spliced together
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14
Q

What organelle is involved with translation?

A

-ribosome

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15
Q

How does translation occur?

A

-the new RNA goes into the ribosome where a polypeptide chain breaks into single pieces and bonds with anticodons to make amino acids

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16
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

-three bases that exactly complement one mRNA codon

17
Q

What is posttranslational processing?

A

-proteins are folded into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein molecules

18
Q

What organelles are involved with posttranslational processing?

A
  • golgi body
  • rough ER
  • chaperone proteins
19
Q

What occurs in the G1 and G2 phase?

A
  • cell material is made
  • creates more structural proteins and enzymes
  • growth and replication of organelles
  • growth of plasma membrane
20
Q

What occurs during the S phase?

A
  • replication of the genome prepares the cell for reproduction
  • DNA uncoils and strands unzip
  • creates two chromatids
21
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

-each of the two threadlike structures that a chromosome divides into

22
Q

What is a centromere?

A

-holds the two chromatids together

23
Q

What is the M phase?

A
  • cells reproduce by splitting themselves into two daughter cells
  • cytokinesis
  • mitosis
24
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

-splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two

25
Q

What is mitosis?

A

-the process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division

26
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
27
Q

What occurs in the prophase?

A
  • nuclear envelope falls apart
  • chromatids coil to form compact chromosomes
  • centromeres move towards opposite ends of the cell
28
Q

What occurs in the metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes are moved into the equator of the cell

- spindle fibers attach to chromatids

29
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A
  • each chromosome is pulled away from the middle and to the nearest pole by a spindle fiber
  • cytokinesis begins
30
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A
  • end phase
  • nuclear envelope rebuilds
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • cytokinesis completes
31
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • cell division that results in 4 daughter cells instead of two
  • contain half the number of chromosomes
  • sex cells
32
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A
  • a cell containing homologous pairs of chromosomes

- 46

33
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A
  • a cell containing a single set of chromosomes

- 23

34
Q

What regulates the cell life cycle?

A
  • cyclins control CDKs

- CDKs drive the cell through each phase

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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