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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the skeleton? What does each make up?

A
  • axial: 80 bones; head, neck, and trunk
  • appendicular: 126 bones; extremities and bones that attach them
  • ex. shoulder, pelvis, clavicle
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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the skull?

A
  • facial: 14 bones

- cranial: 14 bones

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skull?

A
  • to protect and support the brain and special sense organs
  • muscle attachment: 1. moves part of the head and 2. facial expression
  • allows entrance of respiratory and digestive tract
  • houses many smaller cavities
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4
Q

What cavities does the skull form?

A

-cranial cavity breaks down into: nasal cavity, orbits, paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Which cavities house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium?

A
  • cochlea
  • semicircular canals
  • vestibule
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6
Q

What bones make up the cranial group? Function

A
  • frontal (1)- forms the forehead
  • parietal (2)- sides and rood of cranial cavity
  • temporal (2)- forms lateral aspects and floor of cranium
  • occipital (1)- forms the posterior part and most base of the cranium
  • sphenoid (1)- lies at the middle part of the base of the skull
  • ethmoid (1)- located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits
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7
Q

What bones make up the facial group? Function

A
  • nasal bone (2): forms bridge of the nose
  • maxillae: upper jawbone and hard palate
  • zygomatic bone (2): cheek bones
  • lacrimal bone (2): medial wall of each orbit
  • palatine bone (2): posterior portion of hard palate
  • inferior nasal conchae: form part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
  • vomer: inferior portion of nasal septum
  • mandible: lower jaw
  • nasal septum: divides nasal cavity into r and l
  • orbits: eye sockets
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8
Q

What bones make up the orbit?

A
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • nasal bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • palatine bone (not seen)
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9
Q

What is the only moveable skull bone? What does it articulate with? What are its processes?

A
  • mandible
  • temporal bone and maxilla
  • coronoid process: attachment to temporal muscle
  • condylar process: in jaw joint
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10
Q

What is a foramen?

A

-openings for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

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11
Q

What are the unique features of the skull?

A
  • sutures
  • paranasal sinuses
  • fontanels
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12
Q

What is a suture?

A

-an immovable joint that holf most skull bones together

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13
Q

What are the important sutures and where are they?

A
  • coronal: unites frontal and parietal
  • sagittal: unites parietals
  • lambdoidal: unites occipital and parietal and temporal
  • squamous: unites parietal and temporal
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14
Q

What is a paranasal sinus?

A
  • cavity within the cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
  • decrease skull weight
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15
Q

What are the important sinuses?

A
  • frontal sinus
  • sphenoidal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • ethmoidal air cells
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16
Q

What is a fontanel? Function?

A

-areas of unossified tissue

17
Q

What does a fontanel become?

A

-a suture

18
Q

What is the function of a fontanel?

A
  • provides flexibility to the fetal skull

- allows skull to change shape as it passes through birth canal

19
Q

What are the important fontanels?

A
  • anterior fontanel
  • posterior fontanel
  • posterolateral fontanel
  • anterolateral fontanel
20
Q

What is the pterion?

A
  • where many of the sutures meet

- weakest part of the skull

21
Q

What is the hyoid bone? Unique? Function?

A
  • the u-shaped bone in the neck
  • does not articulate with any other bone
  • supports tongue
  • provides attachment sites for some muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and neck
  • helps keep larynx open at all times
22
Q

What are the other names for the vertebral column?

A
  • spine
  • backbone
  • spinal column
23
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • protect the spinal cord
  • support the head
  • point of attachment for ribs, pelvis, and muscles
  • permits forward, backward, and sidewise movement
24
Q

How many vertebrae are there? Each region

A
  • 24 total
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 sacrum (5 fused)
  • 1 coccyx (4-5 fused)
25
Q

What are the curves of the vertebral column? Function?

A
  • cervical and lumbar are anterior curves
  • thoracic and sacrum/coccyx are posterior curves
  • increase column strength
  • maintain balance and upright position
  • shock absorbers
26
Q

What are the exaggerations of those curves?

A
  • lordosis: lumbar are far anterior
  • kyphosis: thoracic are far posterior
  • scoliosis: moved left to right rather than front to back
27
Q

What are the functions of each vertebral region?

A
  • cervical: contains the dens which allows the head to rotate
  • thoracic: articulates with the ribs
  • lumbar: provides attachment of the large back muscles
  • sacrum: strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
  • coccyx: tailbone
28
Q

What are the three general components of a vertebra?

A
  • body: weight bearing
  • vertebral arch: surrounding spinal cord
  • several processes: point of attachment for muscles
29
Q

What are intervertebral discs? Function?

A
  • cartilage between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
  • forms strong joints
  • permits various movements
  • shock absorbers
30
Q

What is the atlas?

A
  • the first cervical vertebra

- big hole

31
Q

What is the axis?

A

-the second cervical vertebra

32
Q

What is the unique process of the axis? Function?

A
  • has the dens

- allows the head to rotate

33
Q

What are the three components of the thorax?

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • costal cartilage
34
Q

What is the sternum and what is it made up of?

A
  • breastbone

- manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

35
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

-12 pairs

36
Q

What are true ribs?

A

-pairs 1-7: attaches directly to the sternum via costal cartilage

37
Q

What are false ribs?

A
  • pairs 8-12

- pairs 8-10: their cartilage attaches to the cartilage above

38
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

-pairs 11-12: they do not attach to the sternum in any way

39
Q

What is the function of costal cartilage?

A

-hyaline cartilage that contributes to the elasticity of the thoracic cage

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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