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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

How are nerves named?

A
  • named according to the level of the vertebral column at which they emerge
  • the vertebra
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2
Q

Where do the nerves exit in relation to the associated vertebra?

A
  • the cervical nerves exit above the vertebra they are named after
  • the rest of the nerves exit underneath the vertebra they are named after
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3
Q

How many of each nerve are there?

A
  • Cervical: 8 pairs
  • Thoracic: 12 pairs
  • Lumbar: 5 pairs
  • Sacral: 5 pairs
  • Coccygeal: 1 pair
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4
Q

How is a spinal nerve formed?

A

-the anterior root and posterior root join together

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5
Q

Is the anterior root motor or sensory?

A

-motor

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6
Q

Is the posterior root motor or sensory? What is something special that it contains?

A
  • sensory

- dorsal root ganglion

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7
Q

What are the branches that come off the spinal nerve?

A
  • anterior ramus
  • posterior ramus
  • meningeal ramus
  • rami communicante
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8
Q

Where does the anterior ramus innervate?

A
  • muscles and glands in the upper and lower limbs

- lateral and anterior portions of the neck and trunk

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9
Q

Where does the posterior ramus innervate?

A

-the skin and some deep muscles of the posterior head, neck, and trunk

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10
Q

What does the rami communicante do?

A

-joins the nerve to the sympathetic chain

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11
Q

What is a plexus?

A

-the braiding of the nerves which causes multiple nerves to go to one location

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12
Q

What are the pros of the plexuses?

A

-if damage happens to one nerve then the others can still allow the location to function

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13
Q

What are the plexuses made of?

A

-anterior rami

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14
Q

What are the different plexuses?

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
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15
Q

What is the progression of the brachial plexus?

A

-roots-> trunks-> divisions-> cords-> nerves

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16
Q

What anterior rami make up each plexus?

A
  • Cervical: C1-C5
  • Brachial: C5-T1
  • Lumbar: L1-L4
  • Sacral: L4-S4
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17
Q

What important nerves come off the cervical plexus? Function?

A
  • Phrenic nerve

- C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive

18
Q

What important nerves come off the bracial plexus? Function?

A
  • axillary nerve: shoulder
  • radial nerve: posterior arm and forearm
  • musculocutaneous nerve: anterior arm
  • median nerve: anterior forearm, part of hand
  • ulnar nerve: anterior forearm and part of hand
19
Q

What important nerves come off the lumbar plexus? Function?

A
  • femoral nerve: motor: muscles of anterior thigh; sensory: anterior thigh and medial side of leg
  • obturator nerve: motor: adductors of thigh
20
Q

What important nerves come off the sacral plexus? Function?

A
  • sciatic nerve: motor: posterior thigh, entire leg, and entire food; sensory: everything that the femoral doesn’t cover
  • pudendal nerve: anus
21
Q

What is erb-duchenne palsy?

A
  • waiter’s tip
  • loss of sensation along the lateral side of the arm
  • injury to the C5-C6
22
Q

What is wrist drop?

A
  • the inability to extend the wrist and fingers

- injury to radial nerve

23
Q

What is a dermatome? How does it relate to shingles?

A
  • the skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve
  • shingles affects one dermatome
24
Q

What is a myotome?

A

-skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve

25
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

-12 pairs

26
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
27
Q

What do the names of the cranial nerves represent?

A

-the names represent their function/what they effect

28
Q

What do the numbers of the cranial nerves represent?

A

-the numbers represent the order that the nerves come off the brain from anterior to posterior

29
Q

Which nerves are sensory?

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • vestibulocochlear
30
Q

Which nerves are motor?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Abducens
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
31
Q

Which nerves are mixed?

A
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Glosspharyngeal
  • Vagus
32
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

-some of the fibers of each nerve cross to the oppostire and continue via the optic tract

33
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A
  • paralysis of CN VII (facial)
  • inability to close eyes
  • impairment of taste and salivation
34
Q

What nerve is damaged with vertigo?

A

-CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

35
Q

What neurotransmitter causes contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

-acetylcholine

36
Q

What is a reflex?

A

-a predicable response to a stimulus

37
Q

Describe each reflex:

  • Cranial reflex:
  • Spinal reflex:
  • Somatic reflex:
  • Autonomic reflex:
  • Flexor reflex:
  • Crossed extensor reflex:
  • Withdrawal reflex:
  • Kneejerk reflex:
  • Ankle jerk reflex:
  • Plantar reflex:
  • Corneal reflex:
  • Abdominal reflex:
  • Segmental reflex:
  • Monosynaptic reflex:
  • Polysynaptic reflex:
  • Ipsilateral reflex:
  • Contralateral reflex:
  • Stretch reflex:
A
  • Cranial reflex: if the center of a reflex arc is in the brain
  • Spinal reflex:if the center of a reflex is in the spine
  • Somatic reflex: contraction of skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic reflex: contraction of smooth or cardiac muscles; secretion by glands
  • Flexor reflex: when a flexor muscle responds
  • Crossed extensor reflex: impulses move across the spinal cord to trigger contralateral extension
  • Withdrawal reflex: when you pull back from pain
  • Kneejerk reflex: response to tapping patellar ligament
  • Ankle jerk reflex: abnormal response indicating disease
  • Plantar reflex: an object running along the bottom of the foot causing the toes to fan or curl
  • Corneal reflex: blinking when cornea has been touched
  • Abdominal reflex: when the umbilicus moves in response to stroking the side of the abdomen
  • Segmental reflex: impulse enters and leaves at the same segment of the spinal cord
  • Monosynaptic reflex: impulses travel through only one synapse
  • Polysynaptic reflex:
  • Ipsilateral reflex: impulses enter and leave on the same side
  • Contralateral reflex: impulsed enter and leave on opposite sides
  • Stretch reflex: caused the stretching of a muscle
38
Q

What is the result of a somatic reflex?

A
  • Skeletal muscle contraction:
  • Smooth muscle contraction:
  • Cardiac muscle contraction:
  • Glandular excretion:
39
Q

What is the result of an autonomic reflex?

A
  • Skeletal muscle contraction:
  • Smooth muscle contraction:
  • Cardiac muscle contraction:
  • Glandular excretion:
40
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex?

A

-know the pathway from sensory stimulation all the way to the action of the effector

41
Q

What is the Babinski sign? What does it indicate? When is it normal?

A
  • toes fan out when testing plantar reflex
  • indicates destruction of pyramidal tracts
  • normal in infants

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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