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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 20 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the brain?

A
  • brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebrum
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2
Q

What germ layer does the brain develop from?

A

-ectoderm

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3
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

-a hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form

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4
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A
  • proencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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5
Q

What secondary brain vesicles does each primary brain vesicle become?

A
  • proencephalon –> telencephalon and diencephalon
  • mesencephalon –> mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon –> metencephalon and myelencephalon
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6
Q

What brain region does each secondary brain vesicle become?

A
  • Tele becomes Cerebrum
  • Dien stays Dien
  • Mese becomes Midbrain
  • Mete becomes Pons and Cerebellum
  • Myele becomes Medulla
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7
Q

What is the structure of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain (superior)
  • pons (middle)
  • medulla (inferior)
  • 10 out of 12 cranial nerves come from the brainstem!!!
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8
Q

What cranial nerves come off the medulla?

A

-8 through 12

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9
Q

Where are the pyramids located and what information are they important to?

A
  • in the medulla

- important for motor information

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10
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

-autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

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11
Q

What are the reflexes of the medulla?

A
  • vomiting
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • hiccupping
  • swallowing
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12
Q

What other sensations are housed in the medulla?

A
  • touch
  • pressure
  • vibration
  • consciousness
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13
Q

What does the nucleus gracilis do?

A

-allows sensation in the lower body

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14
Q

What does the cuneate nucleus do?

A

-allows sensation in the upper body

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15
Q

What special senses are housed by the medulla?

A
  • taste
  • sound
  • balance
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16
Q

What is the major function of the pons?

A
  • helps control respiration

- links the brain via tracts

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17
Q

What cranial nerves come off of the pons?

A

-5 through 8

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18
Q

What cavity of CSF is contained by the midbrain?

A

-cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

What are the corpora quadrigemina?

A
  • two inferior colliculi

- two superior colliculi

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20
Q

What are the inferior colliculi? What do they do?

A

-auditory center

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21
Q

What are the superior colliculi? What do they do?

A

-visual center

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22
Q

What is the substantia nigra? What neurotransmitter does it use? How does it relate to Parkinson’s?

A
  • a black portion in the midbrain
  • uses dopamine
  • regulates muscular movement so as it goes away tremors begin to occur
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23
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

-part of the midbrain that controls coordination of muscular movements

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24
Q

What cranial nerves come off the midbrain?

A
  • 3 and 4

- oculomotor and trochlear

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25
Q

What reflexes is the midbrain responsible for?

A
  • pupillary reflex

- eye movements

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26
Q

What dural folds are associated with the cerebellum?

A

-tentorium cerebelli

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27
Q

How are the gray and white matter organized in the cerebellum?

A
  • gray is on the outside; folia

- white is the tree on the inside; arbor vitae

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28
Q

What is arbor vitae?

A

-the tree of life in the cerebellum

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29
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

-planning and coordination of skeletal muscle activity

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30
Q

What do you think would happen if there was an injury to the cerebellum?

A

-trouble or inability to walk

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31
Q

What is proprioception?

A
  • the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
  • ex. knowing that you are in a lying position
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32
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

-between the cerebrum and midbrain

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33
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithalamus
~pineal gland

34
Q

What ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

A

-third ventricle

35
Q

When I think thalamus, I should think ___________?

A

-sensory

36
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • large role in sensation mechanism
  • associates sensations with good or bad
  • arousal or alert
37
Q

What are all the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • main regulator of homeostasis

- produces hormones (link between nervous and endocrine system)

38
Q

What are the four main regions of the hypothalamus? Reflexes?

A
  • mammillary region: smell
  • tuberal region: pituitary stalk
  • supraoptic
  • preoptic: autonomic
39
Q

What joins the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

-infundibulum or pituitary stalk

40
Q

What is the function of the optic chiasm?

A

-allows the optic nerves to cross each other before entering the brain

41
Q

What are the differences between the optic nerves and optic tracts?

A
  • the nerves come to the optic chiasm and cross before entering the brain
  • the resulting bundle of fibers are called optic tracts
42
Q

What is the pineal gland? What does it secrete?

A

-secretes melatonin to regulate the sleep cycle

43
Q

How are gray matter and white matter in the cerebrum?

A
  • gray is the surface

- white is the grooves

44
Q

What are gyri?

A

-the mountains of the cerebrum

45
Q

What are the important gyri to know?

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • postcentral gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • hippocampal gyrus
46
Q

What are sulci? Important?

A
  • the valleys of the brain
  • shallow
  • central sulcus
  • parietooccipital sulcus
47
Q

What are fissures? Important?

A
  • the valleys of the brain
  • deep
  • longitudinal fissure
  • lateral fissure
48
Q

What are the important lobes to know? Functions?

A
  • frontal lobe: motor, personality, calms agression
  • parietal lobe: sensory information
  • temporal lobe: hearing
  • occipital lobe: vison
  • insula: limbic system
49
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

-the connection between the right and left hemisphere

50
Q

What are cerebral tracts?

A

-white matter beneath the cortex

51
Q

What are the kinds of cerebral tracts?

A
  • projection tracts (ascending and descending)
  • association tracts (within the same hemisphere)
  • commissural tracts (communication between right and left hemisphere)
52
Q

Through what structure do commissural tracts run?

A

-corpus callosum

53
Q

What are the three basal nuclei we need to know?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • lentiform nucleus
  • amygdaloid nucleus
54
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

-fear and threats

55
Q

What are the overall functions of the basal nuclei?

A

-a small role in regulating motor function

56
Q

Where is most somatic sensory information brought to?

A

-thalamus and then the postcentral gyrus!!

57
Q

Where is the postcentral gryus located?

A

-parietal lobe

58
Q

What is the difference between somatic and special senses?

A
  • somatic: touch, pressure, temp, basically something that you can feel anywhere
  • special: vision, hearing, taste, can only happen in a certain place
59
Q

What is a homunculus?

A

-two specific regions of the body synapse onto specific regions of the somatic sensory area

60
Q

How does sensitivity portray in the homunculus?

A

-more sensitive = more receptors = larger portion of the homonculus

61
Q

Where is visual information brought to? What number? What lobe?

A
  • primary visual area
  • # 17
  • occipital lobe
62
Q

Where is sound brought to? What numbers? What lobe?

A
  • primary auditory area
  • # 41 and #42
  • temporal lobe
63
Q

Where is taste brought to? What number? What lobe?

A
  • primary gustatory area
  • # 43
  • parietal lobe
64
Q

What is the pathway for somatic sensory information?

A

-pathway that conducts impulses to from the point of stimulation to the postcentral gryus

65
Q

Which neurons bring information where?

A
  • primary sensory
  • secondary sensory
  • tertiary sensory
66
Q

What does it mean to decussate?

A

-switching from one side of the brain to the other

67
Q

Where is motor function brought to? Location?

A
  • central sulcus

- groove between frontal and parietal lobe

68
Q

What controls speech movement? Number?

A
  • Broca’s area
  • # 44
  • in left hemisphere
69
Q

What are two types of motor pathways?

A
  • pyramidal tracts

- extrapyramidal tracts

70
Q

Where are association areas?

A

-cerebral cortex

71
Q

Where is the somatosensory area?

A

-postcentral gyrus

72
Q

Where is the visual association area?

A
  • cortical visual area

- 18 & 19

73
Q

Where is the gnostic area?

A

-5, 7, 39, & 40

74
Q

Where is the premotor area?

A

-6

75
Q

Where is the frontal eye field?

A

-8

76
Q

Where is the auditory association area? What is it called? What is its number?

A
  • temporal lobe
  • Wernicke’s area
  • # 22
77
Q

What is aphasia?

A

-the inability to use of comprehend a words

78
Q

What is nonfluent aphasia? What is damaged?

A
  • cannot form a word (Daryl)

- Broca’s area

79
Q

What is fluent aphasia? What is damaged?

A
  • inability to comprehend words (mumbo jumbo)

- Wernicke’s or auditory association area

80
Q

What is the reticular activating system for?

A
  • how we maintain consciousness

- how we can tell that the smell of cookies are good and the smell of smoke is bad

81
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A
  • allows us to experience many kinds of emotions

- may also play a role in memory

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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