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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones?

A

-rigid, mineralized structures

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2
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral Storage! -Calcium and Phosphorus
  • Hematopoiesis! -Blood formation
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3
Q

What type of bone tissue is there?

A
  • Cancellous (Trabeculae)

- Compact

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4
Q

What types of bone shapes are there?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
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5
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A
  • Femur

- Humerus

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6
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A
  • Carpal

- Tarsal

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7
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A
  • Scapula
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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8
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A
  • Vertebrae

- Facial

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9
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A

-Kneecap

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10
Q

What components make up a long bone?

A
  • Diaphysis: long, hollow shaft
  • Epiphysis: knobs containing spongey bone
  • Articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surfaces
  • Periosteum: outer dense covering of a bone that is not on joint surfaces; fuses to muscle fibers
  • medullary cavity: marrow is stored here; hollow part of the diaphysis
  • endosteum: lines the inside of the bone
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11
Q

What components make up a flat bone?

A
  • Internal table: internal compact bone
  • external table: external compact bone
  • diploë: inner spongey bone
  • periosteum: outer dense covering of a bone that is not on joint surfaces; fuses to muscle fibers
  • endosteum: contain red marrow
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12
Q

What is bone tissue? What is it made of?

A
  • Osseous tissue
  • Made of connective tissue
  • Extracellular matrix
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13
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  • Water: 25%
  • Collagen: 25%
  • Crystallized calcium phosphate: 50%
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14
Q

What is calcification? Performed by?

A
  • depositing calcium phosphate to make a bone

- made by osteoblasts

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15
Q

What is the basic unit of dense bone?

A
  • osteons

- Haversion system

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16
Q

What do osteons do?

A
  • surround a central canal
  • permit delivery of nutrients
  • remove waste from bone cells
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17
Q

What are the osteons composed of? Describe and Function

A
  • Lamellae: round layers
  • Lacunae: small spaces in bone matrix
  • Canaliculi: the cracks; canals that get nutrients from blood vessels to osteocytes
  • Central canal: middle hole; contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
  • Transverse canal: connect central canals
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18
Q

What is cancellous bone made out of?

A

-Crisscrossing trabeculae

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19
Q

Where do you find cancellous bone?

A

-On the inside of the bone in the epiphyses

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20
Q

What does the cancellous bone contain?

A

-red bone marrow

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21
Q

What are the types of bone cells? Functions

A
  • osteogenic stem cells: undergo mitosis to become osteoblasts (only one with mitosis)
  • osteoclasts: breaks down bone to regulate blood calcium level
  • osteoblasts: builds bones and adds calcium to bone (eventually becomes an osteocyte)
  • osteocytes: exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood (forms when osteoblast becomes embedded in bone matrix)
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22
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

-produces red and white blood cells

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23
Q

Where do you find bone marrow?

A

-medullary cavity

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24
Q

Where do you find red bone marrow in infants?

A

-every bone

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25
Q

Where do you find red bone marrow in adults?

A
  • ribs
  • vertebrae
  • ends of humerus
  • pelvis
  • femur
  • sternum
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26
Q

What is yellow bone marrow made of?

A

-adipocytes

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27
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

-convert to red bone marrow in times of decreased blood supply

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28
Q

Why does the blood calcium level matter?

A
  • nerve and muscle cells depends on calcium ions to function
  • clotting requires calcium
  • many enzymes require calcium as as a cofactor
29
Q

What is the blood calcium level controlled by?

A
  • parathyroid hormone

- calcitonin

30
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A
  • released when calcium levels are too low

- stimulates osteoclasts which releases calcium into the blood

31
Q

What is the pathway for homeostasis when it comes to parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Below normal calcium levels
  • parathyroid hormone released
  • osteoclasts are stimulated
  • release of calcium into blood
32
Q

What secretes parathyroid hormone?

A

-parathyroid gland

33
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • is released when calcium level is too high
  • stimulates the osteoblasts and stores extra calcium
  • inhibits osteoclasts
34
Q

What is the pathway for homeostasis when it comes to calcitonin?

A
  • High blood calcium
  • stimulates osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclasts
  • calcium will move into the bones
  • removal of calcium from blood
35
Q

What secretes calcitonin?

A

-thyroid gland

36
Q

What is ossification?

A

-the process by which bones form

37
Q

What situations are involved in development of bone?

A
  • formation in embryo
  • growth
  • remodeling
  • fracture healing
38
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

-development of the ossification center

39
Q

-Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A
  • flat bone of the skull

- mandible

40
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A
  • soft spots in the skull become ossified
  • calcification
  • formation of trabeculae
  • development of the periosteum
41
Q

How does the ossification center form?

A

-group of osteoblasts that secrete matrix

42
Q

What cells help with ossification?

A

-osteoblasts secrete matrix and eventually become inclosed and become an osteocyte

43
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

-bone formation spreads from the center to the ends

44
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

-most of the bones

45
Q

How does endochondral ossification occur?

A
  • Develop a hyaline cartilage (chondroblasts) model of bone; surrounded by perichondrium (connective tissue)
  • Perichondrium develops into the periosteum at the diaphysis; osteoblasts from periosteum deposit bone; cartilage begins to calcify
  • Blood vessels enter the midpoint of the diaphysis; “primary ossification center”
  • Bone growth proceeds from the diaphysis toward each epiphysis; medullary cavity is developed
  • Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis; epiphyseal plate
  • Ossification of the cartilage occurs nearest the diaphysis (allows bone growth)
46
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A
  • growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate

- replacement of cartilage by bone tissue

47
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

-bone continually renews itself

48
Q

What happens if there is too much bone?

A

-bones become too thick and heavy

49
Q

What happens if there is too little bone?

A
  • weak bones

- osteoporosis

50
Q

What happens if bone is too flexible?

A
  • too much collagen and not enough calcium
  • rickets
  • osteomalacia
51
Q

What factors influence bone remodeling and how?

A
  • the balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • hormones
52
Q

What do each of the vitamins do?

A
  • vitamin A: stimulates osteoblasts
  • vitamin C: synthesis of collagen
  • vitamin D: helps build bone; increases the absorption of calcium
  • vitamin K and B12: needed for synthesis of bone proteins
53
Q

What are the hormones needed to affect bone growth?

A
  • growth hormone: produced by pituitary gland
  • thyroid hormone: promotes bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts
  • insulin: promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins
  • estrogen and testosterone: growth spurt
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
54
Q

What are the different kinds of fractures?

A
  • compound: bone protrudes through skin
  • simple: does not break the skin
  • comminuted: splintered, crushed, many pieces
  • greenstick: one side is broken the other side bends
  • impacted: one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another
  • Pott’s: fibula breaks with injury of the tibial articulation
  • Colles’: fracture to radius in which the distal fragment is displaced
  • stress: microscopic fissures in the bone
55
Q

What is the process of healing a fracture?

A
  • fracture hematoma: blood clotting on both sides
  • procallus: islands of cartilaginous tissue; bridges broken ends
  • bony callus: binds the broken ends
  • remodeling
56
Q

How is fracture repair initiated?

A

-initiated by bone death

57
Q

What do fracture hematomas contain?

A
  • inflammatory cells
  • fibroblasts
  • osteoblasts
  • chondroblasts
  • new capillaries
58
Q

Describe cartilage.

A
  • collagen fibers form in gel
  • avascular
  • chondrocytes
59
Q

Describe bone.

A
  • collagen fibers in calcified cement substance
  • very vascular
  • osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes
60
Q

Describe the similarities between bone and cartilage.

A
  • many collagen fibers

- cells lie in lacunae

61
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A
  • fibrous covering of the cartilage that contains blood vessels
  • gives cartilage nutrients by diffusion
62
Q

What types of cartilage are there? Characteristics?

A
  • hyaline: most common; contains collagen fibers
  • elastic: contains elastic and collagen fibers
  • fibrocartilage: has the most collagen; greatest strength but not flexible
63
Q

Where can you find each type of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline: covers articular surfaces of bone; costal cartilage; cartilage rings of trachea, bronchi, and nose
  • elastic: ear, epiglottis, Eustachian (auditory) tubes
  • fibrocartilage: in pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
64
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A
  • withstands great weight
  • shock-absorber between bones
  • strong and pliable support structure
  • permits growth in long bones
65
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A
  • appositional growth: chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix
  • interstitial growth: cartilage cells within the cartilage divide and secrete additional matrix; childhood and early adolescence
66
Q

How does exercise and aging affect bone tissue?

A
  • the more exercise, the stronger the bone becomes

- age can cause: decrease bone mass by bone resorption

67
Q

What are the two principle effects of agin on bone tissue?

A
  • loss of bone mass caused by loss of calcium

- brittleness caused by decreased rate of protein synthesis (collagen)

68
Q

What are the three different lamellae?

A
  • Concentric: cylinder shaped; part of osteon
  • Interstitial: layers between osteons
  • Circumferential: runs along the circumference of the osteons

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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