Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is an articulation?
- joint
- point of contact between two bones
What are the different classifications of a joint?
- Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
- Functionally: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
What is the functional classification of fibrous joints?
-synarthroses (immovable)
What are the types of fibrous joints? Examples?
- syndesmoses: radius and ulna
- sutures: skull
- gomphoses: tooth and jaw
What is the functional classification of cartilaginous joints?
-amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
What are the cartilaginous joints?
-hyaline or fibrocartilage
What are the types of cartilaginous joints? Examples?
- synchondroses: hyaline between articulating bones; first rib and sternum
- symphyses: disk of fibrocartilage between articulating bones; intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
-diarthroses (freely movable)
What are the types of synovial joints?
- uniaxial: hinge and pivot
- biaxial: saddle and condyloid
- multiaxial: ball and socket and gliding
What are the types of uniaxial joints? Examples?
- hinge: elbow
- pivot: atlas and axis; heads of radius and ulna
What are the types of biaxial joints? Examples?
- saddle: thumb
- condyloid: occipital and atlas; radius and carpals
What are the types of multiaxial joints? Examples?
- ball and socket: shoulder and hip
- gliding: facets of vertebrae
What is range of motion in synovial joints?
-the range, measured in degrees of a cirlce, through which the bones of a joint can move
What factors affect range of motion in synovial joints?
- structure or shape of bones
- strength or tension of ligaments
- arrangement and tensionof muscles
- contact of soft parts (adipose tissue)
- hormones (relaxin
- disuse
What are the four main categories of movements at synovial joints?
- angular
- circular
- gliding
- special
What are all of the types of angular movements? Examples?
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- plantar flexion: pointing toes
- dorsiflexion: angling foot superiorly
- abduction
- adduction
What are all of the types of circular movements? Examples?
- rotation: shaking head no
- circumduction: humerus going in a circle at shoulder joint
- supination: turning palm upwards
- pronation: turning palm downwards
What is gliding movement? Examples?
- one bone moves over the other without angular or circular movement
- carpals and tarsals
- articular facets of vertebrae
What are all the types of special movements? Examples?
- inversion: turning sole of foot inward
- eversion: turning sole of foot outward
- protraction: thrusting mandible outward
- retraction: bringing a protracted part back
- elevation: closing the mouth
- depression: opening the mouth
What movements are opposite of each other?
- flexion and extension
- plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
- abduction and adduction
- supination and pronation
- inversion and eversion
- protraction and retraction
- elevation and depression
What is a humeroscapular joint? Bones? Features?
- a ball and socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity
- most mobile joint
- glenohumeral ligaments
- rotator cuff (SITS)
- subacromial bursae
What is the elbow joint? Bones? Included joints? Features?
- a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna
- humeroradial joint, humeroulnar joint, and proximal radioulnar joint
- collateral ligaments
- annular ligament
What is nursemaids elbow?
-when there is enough pull on a child’s elbow that causes radial head to come out of the joint and push laterally
What is a hip joint? Bones? Features?
- a ball and socket joint formed by the femur and acetabulum
- iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
- ligamentum teres
What is a tibiofemoral joint? Bones? What is a meniscus?
- largest, most complex modified hinge joint between the femur and the tibia
- medial and lateral meniscus form a saucer for the condyles of the femur
What does each ligament described in relation to the tibiofemoral joint do?
- ACL: prevents the tibia from moving forward
- PCL: prevents the tibia from moving backwards
- MCL (tibial): prevents the leg from abducting
- LCL (fibular): prevents the leg from adducting
What is the anterior drawer test?
-with a bent knee, the doctor pulls forward on the leg testing the ACL integrity
What is the posterior drawer test?
-with a bent knee, the doctor pushes backwards on the leg testing the PCL integrity
What is a temporomandibular joint? Bones?
- a combined hinge and gliding joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
- only movable joint between skull bones
How does aging affect the joints?
- decreased production of synovial fluid
- thinning of articular cartilage
- shortening or loss of flexibility of ligaments
What is arthroplasty? Risks?
- joints may be replaced surgically
- infection
- blood clots
- loosening or dislocation
- nerve injurt
What is arthroplasty? Risks?
- joints may be replaced surgically
- infection
- blood clots
- loosening or dislocation
- nerve injury
