Chapter 14

Question 1

What is an articulation?

Answer 1

• joint

- point of contact between two bones

Question 2

What are the different classifications of a joint?

Answer 2

• Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

- Functionally: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Question 3

What is the functional classification of fibrous joints?

Answer 3

-synarthroses (immovable)

Question 4

What are the types of fibrous joints? Examples?

Answer 4

• syndesmoses: radius and ulna
• sutures: skull
• gomphoses: tooth and jaw

Question 5

What is the functional classification of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 5

-amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

Question 6

What are the cartilaginous joints?

Answer 6

-hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 7

What are the types of cartilaginous joints? Examples?

Answer 7

• synchondroses: hyaline between articulating bones; first rib and sternum
• symphyses: disk of fibrocartilage between articulating bones; intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Question 8

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

Answer 8

-diarthroses (freely movable)

Question 9

What are the types of synovial joints?

Answer 9

• uniaxial: hinge and pivot
• biaxial: saddle and condyloid
• multiaxial: ball and socket and gliding

Question 10

What are the types of uniaxial joints? Examples?

Answer 10

• hinge: elbow

- pivot: atlas and axis; heads of radius and ulna

Question 11

What are the types of biaxial joints? Examples?

Answer 11

• saddle: thumb

- condyloid: occipital and atlas; radius and carpals

Question 12

What are the types of multiaxial joints? Examples?

Answer 12

• ball and socket: shoulder and hip

- gliding: facets of vertebrae

Question 13

What is range of motion in synovial joints?

Answer 13

-the range, measured in degrees of a cirlce, through which the bones of a joint can move

Question 14

What factors affect range of motion in synovial joints?

Answer 14

• structure or shape of bones
• strength or tension of ligaments
• arrangement and tensionof muscles
• contact of soft parts (adipose tissue)
• hormones (relaxin
• disuse

Question 15

What are the four main categories of movements at synovial joints?

Answer 15

• angular
• circular
• gliding
• special

Question 16

What are all of the types of angular movements? Examples?

Answer 16

• flexion
• extension
• hyperextension
• plantar flexion: pointing toes
• dorsiflexion: angling foot superiorly
• abduction
• adduction

Question 17

What are all of the types of circular movements? Examples?

Answer 17

• rotation: shaking head no
• circumduction: humerus going in a circle at shoulder joint
• supination: turning palm upwards
• pronation: turning palm downwards

Question 18

What is gliding movement? Examples?

Answer 18

• one bone moves over the other without angular or circular movement
• carpals and tarsals
• articular facets of vertebrae

Question 19

What are all the types of special movements? Examples?

Answer 19

• inversion: turning sole of foot inward
• eversion: turning sole of foot outward
• protraction: thrusting mandible outward
• retraction: bringing a protracted part back
• elevation: closing the mouth
• depression: opening the mouth

Question 20

What movements are opposite of each other?

Answer 20

• flexion and extension
• plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
• abduction and adduction
• supination and pronation
• inversion and eversion
• protraction and retraction
• elevation and depression

Question 21

What is a humeroscapular joint? Bones? Features?

Answer 21

• a ball and socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity
• most mobile joint
• glenohumeral ligaments
• rotator cuff (SITS)
• subacromial bursae

Question 22

What is the elbow joint? Bones? Included joints? Features?

Answer 22

• a hinge joint between the humerus, radius, and ulna
• humeroradial joint, humeroulnar joint, and proximal radioulnar joint
• collateral ligaments
• annular ligament

Question 23

What is nursemaids elbow?

Answer 23

-when there is enough pull on a child’s elbow that causes radial head to come out of the joint and push laterally

Question 24

What is a hip joint? Bones? Features?

Answer 24

• a ball and socket joint formed by the femur and acetabulum
• iliofemoral ligament
• pubofemoral ligament
• ischiofemoral ligament
• ligamentum teres

Question 25

What is a tibiofemoral joint? Bones? What is a meniscus?

Answer 25

• largest, most complex modified hinge joint between the femur and the tibia
• medial and lateral meniscus form a saucer for the condyles of the femur

Question 26

What does each ligament described in relation to the tibiofemoral joint do?

Answer 26

• ACL: prevents the tibia from moving forward
• PCL: prevents the tibia from moving backwards
• MCL (tibial): prevents the leg from abducting
• LCL (fibular): prevents the leg from adducting

Question 27

What is the anterior drawer test?

Answer 27

-with a bent knee, the doctor pulls forward on the leg testing the ACL integrity

Question 28

What is the posterior drawer test?

Answer 28

-with a bent knee, the doctor pushes backwards on the leg testing the PCL integrity

Question 29

What is a temporomandibular joint? Bones?

Answer 29

• a combined hinge and gliding joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
• only movable joint between skull bones

Question 30

How does aging affect the joints?

Answer 30

• decreased production of synovial fluid
• thinning of articular cartilage
• shortening or loss of flexibility of ligaments

Question 31

What is arthroplasty? Risks?

Answer 31

• joints may be replaced surgically
• infection
• blood clots
• loosening or dislocation
• nerve injurt

Question 32

What is arthroplasty? Risks?

Answer 32

• joints may be replaced surgically
• infection
• blood clots
• loosening or dislocation
• nerve injury