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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of muscles?

A
  • muscle fibers
  • fascicles
  • endomysium
  • perimysium
  • epimysium
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2
Q

What are all of the muscle fibers continuous with?

A

-with the tendon of the muscle which is continuous with the periosteum

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3
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A
  • a flat sheet of connective tissue that extends off of a muscle
  • instead of a tendon
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4
Q

What is fascia? Superficial? Deep?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue under the skin and surrounding the muscles and organs
  • superficial is under skin
  • deep is around muscles and bones
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5
Q

What is a tendon sheath? Function?

A
  • a tubelike tunnel around the tendon of a muscle

- lines with synovial membrane to decrease friction

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6
Q

What are the different orientations/shapes of muscle fibers and muscles? Examples?

A
  • parallel: sartorius
  • convergent: pectoralis major
  • pennate: uni- flexor pollicis longus, bi- rectus femoris, multi- deltoid
  • fusiform: brachioradialis
  • spiral: latissimus dorsi
  • circular: orbicularis oris
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7
Q

What is the relationship between power and length?

A
  • the longer the muscle, the greater the range of motion

- the thicker the belly, the stronger the muscle

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8
Q

What is the origin? Insertion?

A
  • origin: where the muscle starts; no movement

- insertion: where the muscle ends: movement

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9
Q

Where do almost all muscles cross?

A

-a joint

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10
Q

Groups of muscles: What is the name of each role and their functions?

A
  • prime mover: any muscle that performs the action
  • antagonist: directly opposes the prime mover
  • synergist: muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover
  • fixator: joint stabilizers
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11
Q

What is a lever?

A
  • any rigid bar free to turn about a fixed point

- a bone

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12
Q

What is a fulcrum?

A
  • the fixed point

- a joint

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13
Q

What makes up a lever system?

A
  • the lever
  • the fulcrum (F)
  • the load (L)
  • the pull (produces movement) (P)
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14
Q

What are the three types of levers? Examples? Most common?

A
  • first class: head bending backwards
  • second class: tippy toes
  • third class: most common; flexing arm at elbow
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15
Q

Where does the muscle that is doing the work lie?-

A

-lies proximal to the part that it is moving

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16
Q

How are muscles named? Example?

A
  • location: brachialis
  • function: adductor longus
  • shape: deltoid
  • direction of fibers: rectus abdominis
  • number of heads or divisions: biceps brachii
  • point of attachment: sternocleidomastoid
  • size of muscle: gluteus maximus
17
Q

What are muscles of facial expression? Function? What innervates them?

A
  • occipitofrontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • corrugator supercilii
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
  • zygomaticus major
  • depressor anguli oris
  • move the skin when they contract
  • CN 7, facial
18
Q

What are the muscles of the eye? Function? What innervates them?

A
  • superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus
  • inferior and superior oblique
  • controls eye movements
  • CN 3, 4, 6
19
Q

What are the muscles of mastication? Function? What innervates them?

A
  • massater
  • temporalis
  • pterygoids (medial and lateral)
  • most close jaw
  • only lateral pterygoid opens jaw
  • CN 4
20
Q

What are the muscles that help with swallowing and speech?

A
  • suprahyoid muscles: digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid

- infrahyoid muscles: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid

21
Q

What are the muscles that move the head? Function?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid: flexes head and neck, rotates head
  • semispinalis capitis: extends head and neck, bends it laterally
  • longissimus capitis: extends head and neck, rotates head
22
Q

What are the muscles of the thorax? Function? What innervates the diaphragm?

A
  • important for respiration
  • internal intercostal muscles: depresses the rib cage
  • external intercostal muscles: elevates the rib cage
  • diaphragm: contracts and allows air to enter the lungs
  • phrenic nerve
23
Q

What are the muscles of the abdomen? Function?

A
  • external and internal obliques
  • tranversus abdominis
  • rectus abdominis
  • protects the viscera and move the vertebral column
24
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

-the aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles

25
Q

What is the linea alba? Where does it run?

A
  • a connective tissue band running from xyphoid process to the pubic symphysis
  • middle of 6 pack abs
26
Q

What are the muscles of the back? Function? (I like spaghetti)

A
  • erector spinae: ,iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

- extend the vertebral column, flex back laterally, and have slight rotation abilities

27
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor? Function?

A
  • levator ani: puborectal, pubococcygeal, iliococcygeal

- coccygeus muscles

28
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm?

A

-the floor of the pelvis

29
Q

What is the perineum?

A

-the diamond shaped area inferior to the pelvic diapragm

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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