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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overarching function of sensation?

A
  • maintains homeostasis

- receptors are specific to certain sensations

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2
Q

General sense organs vs. special sense organs

-what is the difference? Where are they distributed?

A

-general sense organs: somatic; in skin, mucus, connective tissue, muscles, tendons, joints, viscera; touch

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3
Q

What is the process of sensation?

A
  1. stimulation of sensory receptor
  2. transduction of the stimulus
  3. generation of nerve impulses
  4. integration of sensory input
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4
Q

What is the function of a sensory receptor?

A
  • detect changes in our internal and external environments

- help maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

How do sensory receptors convert the stimulus into an electrical impulse?

A
  • the action potential

- mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

What is adaptation? Why is it important?

A
  • receptor potential decreases over time in response to a continuous stimulus
  • helps with overstimulation
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7
Q

How does adaptation work?

A

-the frequency of the action potentials decrease

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8
Q

What types of adaption are there? Examples

A
  • fast: pressure, touch smell; feeling your clothing

- slow: pain, body position, chemical position of the blood

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9
Q

Which receptors are fast and which are slow at adapting?

A
  • fast: thermoreceptor, root hair plexus, tactile corpuscle, bulboid corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle
  • slow: bulbous/ruffini corpuscle, merkel disc, nociceptors
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10
Q

What is the two point discrimination test?

A

-measures the distance between two points are sensed at separate points

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11
Q

What areas would have a smaller distance between the two points? Larger?

A
  • Smaller: tongue, finger

- Larger: shoulder

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12
Q

What are the three location receptors?

A
  • Exteroceptors
  • Visceroceptors
  • Proprioceptors
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13
Q

Where are the exteroceptors located? Function? Examples?

A
  • on or near the body surface
  • respond to stimuli external to the body
  • pressure, touch, pain, temperature
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14
Q

Where are the visceroceptors located? Function? Examples?

A
  • located internally within the viscera
  • provide information about the internal environment; detect pressure, stretching, and chemical changes
  • blood vessels, intestines, urinary bladder, hunger, thirst
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15
Q

Where are the proprioceptors located? Function? Examples?

A
  • in skeletal muscles, joint capsules, tendons
  • give information about body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch
  • muscles and tendons
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16
Q

What are the stimulus receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptor
  • Chemoreceptor
  • Thermoreceptor
  • Nociceptor
  • Photoreceptor
  • Osmoreceptor
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17
Q

What stimulus does the mechanoreceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A
  • stimuli that deform the receptor
  • pressure applied to skin or blood vessels
  • pressure caused by stretch or pressure in muscle, tendon, or lung tissue
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18
Q

What stimulus does the chemoreceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A
  • change in concentration of certain chemicals

- taste, smell, CO2, blood glucose level

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19
Q

What stimulus does the thermoreceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A
  • changes in temperature

- warm or cold air or water

20
Q

What stimulus does the nociceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A
  • intense pain
  • TISSUE DAMAGE
  • toxic chemical, intense light, sound, pressure, heat
21
Q

What stimulus does the photoreceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A
  • light

- ONLY in the eye

22
Q

What stimulus does the osmoreceptor detect? Examples of the stimulus?

A

-levels of osmotic pressure in body fluids
change of concentration of electrolytes
-stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus
-ONLY in hypothalamus

23
Q

What are the different structures of receptors?

A
  • free nerve endings

- encapsulated nerve endings

24
Q

Which structure of receptor is more common?

A
  • free nerve endings are more common

- encapsulated are normally only mechanoreceptors

25
Q

What types of receptors have free nerve endings?

A
  • nociceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • hair root plexus
  • merkel disc
26
Q

What types of receptors have encapsulated nerve endings?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • Meissner’s corpuscle
  • bulboid corpuscle
  • ruffini corpuscle
  • pacinian corpuscle
27
Q

Why do we need to have pain?

A

-alerts us to threats in our environment

28
Q

What are each type of pain?

A
  • acute/fast A

- chronic/slow B

29
Q

Where is each type of pain located?

A
  • acute/fast A: skin, mucous membrane, anywhere superficial

- chronic/slow B: visceral

30
Q

Which receptors detect pain and what’s their structure?

A
  • nociceptors

- free nerve endings

31
Q

What is diabetic neuropathy?

A
  • nerve damage that can occur if your blood sugar gets too high
  • most often occurs in feet and legs
  • can lead to amputation
32
Q

What is fibromyalgia? What does Lyrica do?

A
  • chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain
  • abnormal amplification of pain information
  • Lyrica blocks calcium influx so the nerves cannot release neurotransmitters
33
Q

What is referred pain? How does it work? Example?

A
  • when the stimulation of pain receptors in the viscera is felt as a pain the skin
  • sensory info from the viscera enters the spinal cord at the same spot that it would from the skin. this causes the brain to believe that in most cases it’s the skin that is hurting
  • heart attack
34
Q

What type of receptor detects temperature and what’s their structure?

A
  • thermoreceptor

- free nerve endings

35
Q

Warm vs. cold receptor

A
  • Warm: in dermis

- Cold: in the deepest layer of the epidermis

36
Q

What happens when it gets below 10 degrees C? Above 118 degrees C?

A
  • anesthetic effect, numbness (decreased frequency of action potential)
  • burning pain
37
Q

Sense of touch

A

-free and encapsulated

38
Q

Where are the sense of touch receptors found in the body?

A
  • hair root plexus: free nerve endings; wrapped around a hair shaft; rapid adaptation
  • itch: chemical irritation of free nerve endings
  • tickle: free nerve endings, perception
39
Q

Where in the integumentary system are they found?

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

40
Q

What does light touch? Nerve endings? Made of? Adaptation?

A
  • tactile or merkel disk
  • free nerve endings
  • tactile epithelial cells and tactile disk(sensory neuron)
  • slow adaptation
41
Q

What are the deep touch receptor? Location? Nerve endings? Adaptation?

A
  • tactile/meissner’s corpuscle: dermal papillae, encapsulated, rapid adaptation
  • bulboid corpuscle: mucous membrane, encapsulated, rapid adaptation
  • ruffini corpuscle: deeper dermis, encapsulated, slow adaptation; holding steering wheel
  • pacinian/lamellar corpuscle: deep dermis, encapsulated, rapid adaptation
42
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

-they prevent a muscle from tearing

43
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

-they detect stretch

44
Q

What do intrafusal fibers do? What motor neurons innervate them? Where are they located?

A
  • detect stretch
  • innervated by alpha motor neurons
  • located between and parallel to regular muscle fiberas
45
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do? How are they stimulated? Where are they located?

A
  • Cause the skeletal muscle to relax (so only one is contracting at a time
  • Stimulated by stretch of a tendon
  • Located between muscle and tendon

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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