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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 20 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A
  • integrator

- evaluate incoming information and formulate response

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3
Q

What are the two protective coverings of the CNS?

A
  • bone: cranial bones and vertebrae

- meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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4
Q

Which contains blood vessels?

A

-pia mater

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5
Q

Describe the three meningeal coverings.

A
  • dura: hard, strong white fibrous tissue, outer layer (2 and 1)
  • arachnoid: spiderweb layer, delicate, middle layer
    pia: adheres to surface of the brain, transparent
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6
Q

What are the three extensions of the dura mater?

A
  • falx cerebri: between hemispheres of cerebrum
  • falx cerebelli: separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
  • tentorium cerebelli: separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
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7
Q

What are the three spaces made by the meninges?

A
  • epidural space
  • subdural space
  • subarachnoid space
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8
Q

What is contained by the epidural space?

A
  • fat and other connective tissue

- between bone and dura

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9
Q

What is contained by the subdural space?

A
  • small amount of lubricating serous fluid

- between dura and arachnoid

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10
Q

What is the contained by the subarachnoid space?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid

- between arachnoid and pia

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11
Q

Which of the three spaces is nonexistent in the skull?

A

-there is no epidural space in the skull

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12
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

-fluid around and within the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • cushion of fluid (protection)

- maintains internal homeostasis ex. carbon dioxide and pH levels

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14
Q

In what space do you find CSF?

A

-found in the subarachnoid space

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15
Q

In what cavities do you find CSF?

A
  • within the canals and cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • ventricles and central canal
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16
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A
  • 2 lateral
  • third
  • fourth
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17
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

-foramen of Monro

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18
Q

What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

-cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

What makes CSF?

A
  • choroid plexuses
    • networks of capillaries
    • covered in ependymal cells
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20
Q

Through what structures is CSF absorbed? Where does it get reabsorbed into?

A
  • arachnoid villi

- sinuses

21
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

-withdrawal of some cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space

22
Q

Where is the lumbar puncture performed and why?

A
  • above or below the 4th lumbar vertebra

- no spinal cord there and to test for presence blood, bacteria, or other abnormalities

23
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

-blockage of draining of CSF

24
Q

What can cause hydrocephalus?

A
  • tumor
  • inflammation
  • developmental malformation
  • infection such as meningitis
  • hemorrhage or injury
25
Q

Why is it dangerous?

A
  • can increase pressure in the brain
  • can cause brain damage
  • can cause bulging of brain matter in soft spots of babies
26
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

-column of nerves running from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra

27
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A
  • happens at C4-T1

- allows nerves to be extended to the arms

28
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A
  • happens at T9-T12

- allows nerves to be extended to the legs

29
Q

What is the anterior median fissure?

A

-the deeper part in the transverse cutting of the spinal cord

30
Q

What is the posterior median sulcus?

A

-the shallow part in the transverse cutting of the spinal cord

31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

-where the spinal cord tapers off (at L1)

32
Q

What is the cauda equine?

A
  • “horse’s tail”

- where lower spinal nerves are found

33
Q

What is the filum terminale?
What is it made out of?
What is its function?

A
  • thin extension of the remaining spinal cord
  • single layer of pia mater
  • anchors spinal cord to base of column
34
Q

What kind of information does the posterior nerve root carry?

A
  • sensory information

- afferent

35
Q

Where are the cell bodies of those neurons located?

What kinds of neurons are they?

A
  • dorsal root ganglion

- unipolar neurons

36
Q

What kind of information does the anterior nerve root carry?

A
  • motor information

- efferent

37
Q

Where are the cell bodies of those neurons located?

What kind of neurons are they?

A
  • in the gray matter

- multipolar

38
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

-the posterior and anterior nerve roots join to make the spinal nerve

39
Q

What are gray horns?

A
  • anterior, lateral, and posterior

- the buldges or horns in the gray matter

40
Q

What is the gray and white commissure?

A
  • gray: thin strip that surrounds the central canal

- white: connects the two halves of the cord

41
Q

What are white columns?

A
  • anterior, lateral, and posterior

- the white matter surrounding the gray horns

42
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

-provides conduction routes to and from the brain

43
Q

What are ascending tracts?

What information do they carry?

A

-bring afferent/sensory fibers up to the brain

44
Q

What are descending tracts?

What information do they carry?

A

-bring efferent/motor fibers down from the brain

45
Q

What are reflexes?

A

-switch impulses from afferent to efferent neurons

46
Q

What are tracts?

A

-conduction paths to and from the brain

47
Q

What is the lateral spinothalamic tract?

What information does it carry?

A
  • an ascending tract

- pain, temp, touch

48
Q

What is the anterior spinothalamic tract?

What information does it carry?

A
  • an ascending tract

- touch, pain, temp, and pressure

49
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

What information does it carry?

A
  • a descending tract

- fine motor control, distal muscles

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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