Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is the general term for the chemical processes of life?
metabolism
What are the elements and compounds the body needs for energy, repair, and growth?
nutrients
What is the energy content of food?
Calorie
What is one thousand calories called when it is refering to physics?
kilocalorie
If a person consumes more Calories than he needs, what is the excess energy-producing substances converted into and where are they stored?
they are converted into fat and stored in adipose cells
What are adipose cells?
fat cells
What is the condition of being severely overweight because of excess body fat?
obesity
What are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats all considered to be because they ar needed in relatively large amounts?
macronutrients
What are vitamins and minerals considered to be because they are needed in much smaller quantities?
micronutrients
What are the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell that provide most of the energy for living things?
carbohydrates
What is any of a group of carbohydrates?
sugar
What are simple sugars?
monosaccharides
What type of carbohydrate is formed from a long chain of simple carbohydrates?
polysaccharide
What are two or more monosaccharides combined?
disaccharides
What are both monosaccharides and disaccharides considered to be?
simple carbohydrates
What is a polysaccharide considered to be?
complex carbohydrate
What is a mixture of polysaccharides manufacture by plant cells for glucose storage?
starch
What type of dietary fiber turns into a gel during digestion?
soluble fiber
What is not digested or incorportated into the body?
dietary fiber
What type of dietary fiber help move undigested wastes along to keep the intestines cleaned and healty?
insoluble fiber
What is a form of insoluble fiber that is the primary component to plant cell walls?
cellulose
What are complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells?
proteins
What are simpler molecules that make up proteins?
amino acids
What is the simplest type of lipid molecule that is made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms?
fatty acid
What is a varied group of compounds characterized by insolubility in water?
lipids
What type of fatty acid has every possible bond to hydrogen occupied?
saturated fatty acids
What type of fatty acid does not have every possible hydrogen atom occupied?
unsaturated fatty acids
What do fatty acids combine into to form larger molecules?
fats
What are fats also called because they attach to a single molecule called glycerol?
triglycerides
What are oils that are formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oils?
hydrogenated oils
What is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones?
cholesterol
What is a buildup of deposits inside the blood vessels?
atherosclerosis
What is the energy carries of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy?
ATP
What is a molecule constructed of a nitrogen-continuing base?
nucleotide
What type of carbohydrates are found in bread, cereals, pasta, potatoes, and rice?
complex carbohydrates
What are important organic substances needed n small amounts for the proper function of metabolism?
vitamins
What type of vitamins are easily eliminated from the body?
water-soluble vitamins
What are the two water-soluble vitamins?
vitamin C and B
What type of vitamins can accumulate in the body if ingested in excess?
fat-soluble vitamins
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
What are molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in perfoming their jobs?
coenzymes
What are substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals?
antioxidants
What are natural byproducts of cell processes that damage important cell parts?
free radicals
What are important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues?
minerals
What is the protein that transports oxygen through your body?
hemoglobin
What is much of a person’s body weight made of?
water
What type of fluid makes up nearly 60% of the total body water that is found inside the body’s cells?
intracellular fluid
What type of fluid surrounds the cells and is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the joints?
extracellular fluid
What is the tube that extends through the digestive system from the mouth to the anus?
alimentary canal
What is the purpose of the alimentary canal?
absorption, digestion, and elimination of food
What is the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less complex molecules?
digestion
What is the muscular action that food is continually mixed by?
peristalsis
What is a soup-like substance that is formed by the liver?
bile
What are special proteins that control the senses of small steps of digestion?
enzymes
What type of enzymes control digestion and are produced by the tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands?
digestive enzymes
What are the glands located in the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine, and the pancreas?
digestive glands
What is the cavity where food is lubricated and ground to begin the digestive processs?
oral cavity
What is a slimy substance that keeps the oral cavity moist and lubricated?
mucus
What is the roof of the mouth that work with the tongue, lips, and teeth to form words for speech?
palate
What pushes food between the teeth and helps mix food with mucus and saliva?
tongue
What is the small ball of broken down food that the tongue pushes to the back of the mouth to be swallowed?
bolus
What are the digestive glands of the mouth that produce saliva?
salivary glands
What are the digestive enzymes that begin the digestion of starch before the food is swallowed?
salivary amylase
What cuts, breaks, and crushes food into smaller pieces so that it may be more easily digested?
teeth
What are the four front cutting teeth?
incisors
What are the two tearing teeth that flank the incisors?
cuspids
What are the four light-grinding teeth that are in pairs on each side of the jaw next to the cuspids?
bicuspids
What means that the wisdom teeth that may erupt too close to the adjacent molar and become stuck so that they fail to grow up through the gums?
impacted
What are the six heavy-grinding teeth that are arranged three to a side at the back of the jaw?
molars
What is the last molar on each side of the jaw?
wisdom tooth
What is the first set of teeth that appear during the first four or five years of life?
primary teeth
What are the teeth that form on the jaw beneath the primary teeth?
permanent teeth
What breaks the food into small particles that increases the surface area of the food and thus aids digestion?
masticution
What are the three genera parts of the tooth?
crown, neck, and root
What is the part of the tooth that is exposed above the gums?
crown
What consists mainly of blood vessels and nerves?
pulp
What is the part of the tooth that is the part at the gum line?
neck
What is the part of the tooth that anchors the tooth in place below the gums?
root
What is a mineral substance that covers the crown and is the hardest substance of the human body?
enamel
What is the bone-like layer that surrounds the pulp and forms the bulk of the tooth?
dentin
What is a bone-like substance that fastens the tooth to the jaw?
cementum
What is a funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity?
pharynx
What are the tubes that lead from the opening to the windpipe and the opening to the esophagus?
Eustachian tubes
What is the most common disease in man?
dental carries
What is a byproduct of the bacteria in plaque breaking down the sugar in foods to produce energy?
lactic acid
What is gum disease?
periodontal disease
What is the disease in which plaque and tartar accumulate so the gum become tender and inflamed?
gingivitis
What is the disease in which the gums detach from the teeth and eventually the bones supporting the teeth are destroyed?
periodontitis
What is a 25cm long muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach that lies behind the trachea?
esophagus
What is the method by which food is moved through all regions of the digestive tract?
peristalsis
What is the small flap of cartilage in the pharynx that closes the top of the trachea as you swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract?
epiglottis
What is a sac-like, J-shaped storage structure that lied just below the diaphragm in the upper part of the abdominal cavity?
stomach
Instead of two layers of smooth muscle, how many layers does the stomach have?
three
What occurs when the stomach has been empty for several hours?
hunger contractions
What is the combination of the secretions of mucus, hydrochloric acid, gastric enzymes, and other substances?
gastric juice
What softens food, kills bacteria, and reacts with certain minerals, making them soluble?
hydrochloric acid
What is an acid medium provided by hydrochloric acid that is the most important gastric enzyme?
pepsin
What is the major function of the stomach?
to store food and release it into the small intestine at the required rate
What is a thick liquid that the semisolid bolus is reduced to by peristaltic movements in the stomach and gastric juice secretions?
chyme
What is the area of thickened circular muscles where the esophagus joins the stomach?
cardiac sphincter
What is a burning sensation that is caused by the gastric secretions irritating the esophagus?
heartburn
What is the area located at the lower end of the stomach to keep the food in the stomach until the food has been sufficiently mixed with gastric juice and is ready to enter the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
What produces a greenish-colored substance called bile?
liver
What is secreted from the liver and stored in the gallbladder to keep the fat molecule droplets separated in the small intestine?
bile
What is located beneath the live and stores bile?
gallbladder
What are the most important components of bile that helps with the digestion of fats in the small intestine?
bile salts
What is the process where the linkage of fat molecules breaks large droplets into smaller droplets?
emulsification
Where does the bile enter the small intestine through?
common bile duct
What produces pancreatic juice and secretes the juice into the small intestine?
pancreas
Where does the pancreatic juice enter the small intestine?
pancreatic duct
What part of pancreatic juice digests fats?
pancreatic lipase
What part of the pancreatic juice digests carbohydrates?
pancreatic amylase
What is the primary organ of digestion that is constructed of two layers of muscle?
small intestine
What is the first portion of the small intestine where the most chemical digestion occurs?
duodenum
What is the middle section of the small intestine?
jejunum
What is the last and longest part of the small intestine?
ileum
What produces intestinal juice?
intestinal glands
What contains several intestinal amylase, intestinal lipase, peptidases, maltase, sucrase, and lactase?
intestinal juice
What is the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream?
absorption
What are tiny, hair-like projections of the small intestine whose primary function is to absorb digested food?
villi
What are fine extensions of the cell membrane that give villi cells a brush-like border?
microvilli
What is another type of tube-like vessel at the center of each villus?
lacteal
What is a hormone that is released by the pancreas to signal the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and convert it into glucagon?
insulin
What is another hormone that is released by the pancreas which signals the liver to convert glucagon back into glucose and release it back into the bloodstream?
glucagon
What is a waste substance that is removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys?
urea
What organ is larger in diameter than the small intestine?
large intestine
What is a pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine?
cecum
What is a small, finger-like structure that the cecum is attached to?
vermiform appendix
What controls the peristaltic movements of materials from the small intestine into the large intestine?
ileocecal valve
What has no digestive function but helps the small intestine absorb a certain amount of digested food?
colon
What is a condition of expelling too much water when the colon is not working properly?
diarrhea
What stores indigestive materials that pass through the digestive system?
rectum
What are wasted that are semisolids and relatively dry by the time they finish their passage through the colon?
feces
What is a gastrointestinal disease caused by consumption of food contaminated with bacterial toxins?
food poisoning
What is severe food poisoning caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum?
botulism
What is a common food infection caused when bacteria of the genus Salmonella get into food?
Salmonellosis
What is a disease that is rare in the United States that is acquired from food of water contaminated with the bacteria Salmonella but spreads throughout the entire body?
typhoid fever
What is gastric indigestion?
dyspepsia
What type of dyspepsia results from a disease of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
organic dyspepsia
What type of dyspepsia usually results from nervous disorders and emotional tension?
functional dyspepsia
What is an open sore in the mucous membrane resulting from the breakdown of the tissues?
ulcer
What are ulcers that occur in the stomach?
gastric ulcers
What are ulcers that occur where the duodenum is exposed to gastric juice as the stomach contents enter the small intestine?
duodenal ulcers
What type of ulcers are caused by the digestive section of pepsin?
peptic valves
What results when the feces becomes too dry that defection is difficult?
constipation
What is it called when the movement of feces through the colon is so rapid that insufficient water is removed?
diarrhea
What is a painful infection of the colon that can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or viruses?
dysentery
What is one of the most common forms of cancer in the United States?
colon cancer
