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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are living things composed of more than one cell called?

A

Multicellular organisms

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2
Q

What is a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism?

A

System

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3
Q

What is a structure within a system that is a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system?

A

Organ

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4
Q

What is a part of the plant that is ordinarily underground, anchoring the plant, and the functions in the absorption of nutrients and storage of food?

A

Root system

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5
Q

What is the part of the plant that is usually found above ground, holding the leaves toward the sun for the manufacturing of food and providing for the protection of the flowers, fruits and seeds?

A

Shoot system

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6
Q

What are the three basic leaf shapes?

A

Brought in flat, long and narrow, needle- like or scale - like

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7
Q

What is the flat portion of a leaf?

A

Blade

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8
Q

What are the pipelines that carry food and water throughout the blade?

A

Veins

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9
Q

What is the edge of the blade?

A

Margin

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10
Q

What is a large vein running down the center of the blade?

A

Midrib

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11
Q

What is the second major part of a typical leaf that attaches the blade to the stem and contains vascular tissues that conduct substances between the blade and the stem?

A

Petiole

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12
Q

What are leaves that lack a petiole referred to as?

A

sessile leaves

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13
Q

What is a certain sessile leaf that attaches to the stem and seems to wrap around the stem?

A

Sheath

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14
Q

What are small leaf - like or scale - like structures that helped to cover the leaf when it was developing?

A

Stipules

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15
Q

What contain a developing leaf or stem structure?

A

buds

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16
Q

What type of leaf has only one blade on every petiole?

A

Simple leaf

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17
Q

What type of leaf has more than one blade on every petiole?

A

Compound leaf

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18
Q

What is each small blade on a compound leaf called?

A

Leaflet

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19
Q

What are the points at which leaves grow from the stem called?

A

Nodes

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20
Q

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when two leaves grow from each node?

A

Opposite arrangement

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21
Q

What are the small appendages that cover the buds when they are dormant in the cold winter months?

A

bud scales

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22
Q

What are marks on a branch that show where leaves had previously grown?

A

Leaf scars

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23
Q

What are marks that show where bud scales had previously grown?

A

Bud - scale scars

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24
Q

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch?

A

Alternate arrangement

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25
Q

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when there are three or more leaves growing from each node?

A

Whorled arrangement

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26
Q

What is the arrangement that occurs when a cluster of leaves grow around the base of a plant?

A

Rosette arrangements

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27
Q

What is living material that is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism?

A

Tissue

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28
Q

What is the type of tissue that composes most of the body of a plant?

A

Structural tissue

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29
Q

What is the type of tissue that protects and covers leaves, roots, stems, and other exposed areas and prevents excessive water lossand injury by outside agents?

A

Epidermal tissue

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30
Q

What consists of a wavy substance that helps to seal and water?

A

Cuticle layer

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31
Q

What type of tissue grows in the place of bark on a young stem?

A

Cork tissue

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32
Q

What type of tissues is the support and strengthening tissue that consists of fibers that run through roots, stems, large veins of leaves?

A

Parenchyma

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33
Q

What type of tissue is composed of elongated, tubular cells that are sap conducting tissues?

A

Vascular tissue

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34
Q

What type of vascular tissue transports water and dissolved minerals aboard from the roots to the leaves?

A

Xylem

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35
Q

What type of vascular tissue transports food manufactured in the leaves downward?

A

Phloem

36
Q

What is the sweet liquid found within the vascular tissue of plants?

A

Sap

37
Q

What type of tissue consists of rapidly growing and dividing cells that differentiate to produce new tissues during the plant’s growth?

A

Meristematic tissue

38
Q

What is a layer located in the meristematic tissue that enables stems and roots to grow in diameter?

A

Cambium layers

39
Q

What type of cambium layer produces new vascular tissue?

A

Vascular Cambium

40
Q

What type of cambium layer produces new cork tissue?

A

Cork cambium

41
Q

What provides covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces?

A

Epidermis

42
Q

What are tiny openings located in the lower epidermis?

A

stomata

43
Q

What is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems?

A

Transpiration

44
Q

What are crescent shaped cells that expand and contract to open and close each stoma?

A

Guard cells

45
Q

What is the middle portion of a leaf for photosynthesis occurs?

A

Mesophyll

46
Q

What type of mesophyll is located toward the upper side of the leaf and consists of elongated column like cells?

A

palisade Mesophyll

47
Q

What type of mesophyll consists of large, regularly shaped cells separated by large air spaces?

A

spongy Mesophyll

48
Q

What are air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Intercellular air spaces

49
Q

What is the pattern of veins within leaves?

A

Venation

50
Q

What type of venation is where veins run parallel to each other?

A

parallel venation

51
Q

What type of venation is where veins are in a branching pattern characterized by one major vein with smaller veins extending outward from it?

A

Pinnate venation

52
Q

What is the type of venation in which two or more major veins extend outward from 1 point like the fingers extending from the palm of a hand?

A

Palmate Venation

53
Q

What are tubes that run through the mesophyll of a leaf?

A

veins

54
Q

What is the basic structural unit of all living things?

A

cell

55
Q

What’s around the cell and separates it from its environment and regulates what enters and leaves the cell?

A

Cell membrane

56
Q

What is a spherical body often located near the center of the cell and contains the cell’s activities?

A

Nucleus

57
Q

What consists of many molecules in organelles inside of a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

58
Q

What make up the cell in the fluid medium that surrounds them?

A

Organelles

59
Q

What is located outside of the cytoplasm?

A

Cell wall

60
Q

What makes up the cell wall and is made of long chains of glucose?

A

Cellulose

61
Q

What is a substance that adds stiffening to the walls of the woody cells in trees and shrubs?

A

Lignin

62
Q

What are tiny chemical “factories” that use light to manufacture food?

A

Chloroplasts

63
Q

What is the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light?

A

Chlorophyll

64
Q

What are the storage structures and cells that store food materials come a fluid substances, and minerals?

A

Vacuoles

65
Q

What are organisms that can make their own food and are also called producers?

A

Autotrophs

66
Q

What are organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms are also called consumers?

A

heterotrophs

67
Q

What is the process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food?

A

Photosynthesis

68
Q

What are specialized disks that are stacked within the chloroplasts?

A

thylakoids

69
Q

What enables the plant to “burn” sugars is fuel for energy; is the process by combining oxidized sugars with oxygen in a chemical reaction?

A

Cellular respiration

70
Q

What is much of the glucose in a plant converted into?

A

Sucrose

71
Q

What are long chain like molecules that consist of thousands of glucose molecules linked together that is used for storing energy in a plant?

A

Starch

72
Q

Name five factors that influence photosynthesis.

A
  • temperature, - the humidity of the air, - the amount of carbon dioxide, - the amount of available light, and - the wind speed
73
Q

What produces yellowish colors in a plant?

A

xanthophyl

74
Q

What produces yellowish orange colors in a plant?

A

carotene

75
Q

What produces bright red, blue, and purple colors in a plant?

A

anthocyanin

76
Q

What is the special layer of cells that forms at the base of the petiole in a plant and severs the connection between the petiole and the stem?

A

abscission layer

77
Q

What weakens the cell walls of the abscission layer and allows the leaf to break off under its own weight?

A

Cellulose

78
Q

What remains on the stem at the point where the petiole was attached?

A

Leaf scar

79
Q

What is the process by which a plant loses water vapor through its leaves and stems?

A

Transpiration

80
Q

What is the pressure that is caused by the water in the guard cells?

A

turgor pressure

81
Q

What is the effect of a high rate of transpiration on a plant?

A

Wilting

82
Q

What type of wilting occurs when transpiration takes place faster than the roots can absorb soil water but its effects are usually reversed through the night?

A

Temporary wilting

83
Q

What type of wilting occurs if there is a drought and there is not sufficient soil water to replace that lost by transpiration?

A

Permanent wilting

84
Q

What is a leaf that has a special design for a special task?

A

Special leaf

85
Q

Name three examples of special leaves.

A

Tendrils, spines, the pitcher plant

86
Q

What means insect eating?

A

insectivorous

Biology (8 decks)

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