Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are living things composed of more than one cell called?
Multicellular organisms
What is a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism?
System
What is a structure within a system that is a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system?
Organ
What is a part of the plant that is ordinarily underground, anchoring the plant, and the functions in the absorption of nutrients and storage of food?
Root system
What is the part of the plant that is usually found above ground, holding the leaves toward the sun for the manufacturing of food and providing for the protection of the flowers, fruits and seeds?
Shoot system
What are the three basic leaf shapes?
Brought in flat, long and narrow, needle- like or scale - like
What is the flat portion of a leaf?
Blade
What are the pipelines that carry food and water throughout the blade?
Veins
What is the edge of the blade?
Margin
What is a large vein running down the center of the blade?
Midrib
What is the second major part of a typical leaf that attaches the blade to the stem and contains vascular tissues that conduct substances between the blade and the stem?
Petiole
What are leaves that lack a petiole referred to as?
sessile leaves
What is a certain sessile leaf that attaches to the stem and seems to wrap around the stem?
Sheath
What are small leaf - like or scale - like structures that helped to cover the leaf when it was developing?
Stipules
What contain a developing leaf or stem structure?
buds
What type of leaf has only one blade on every petiole?
Simple leaf
What type of leaf has more than one blade on every petiole?
Compound leaf
What is each small blade on a compound leaf called?
Leaflet
What are the points at which leaves grow from the stem called?
Nodes
What is the type of arrangement that occurs when two leaves grow from each node?
Opposite arrangement
What are the small appendages that cover the buds when they are dormant in the cold winter months?
bud scales
What are marks on a branch that show where leaves had previously grown?
Leaf scars
What are marks that show where bud scales had previously grown?
Bud - scale scars
What is the type of arrangement that occurs when only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch?
Alternate arrangement
What is the type of arrangement that occurs when there are three or more leaves growing from each node?
Whorled arrangement
What is the arrangement that occurs when a cluster of leaves grow around the base of a plant?
Rosette arrangements
What is living material that is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism?
Tissue
What is the type of tissue that composes most of the body of a plant?
Structural tissue
What is the type of tissue that protects and covers leaves, roots, stems, and other exposed areas and prevents excessive water lossand injury by outside agents?
Epidermal tissue
What consists of a wavy substance that helps to seal and water?
Cuticle layer
What type of tissue grows in the place of bark on a young stem?
Cork tissue
What type of tissues is the support and strengthening tissue that consists of fibers that run through roots, stems, large veins of leaves?
Parenchyma
What type of tissue is composed of elongated, tubular cells that are sap conducting tissues?
Vascular tissue
What type of vascular tissue transports water and dissolved minerals aboard from the roots to the leaves?
Xylem
What type of vascular tissue transports food manufactured in the leaves downward?
Phloem
What is the sweet liquid found within the vascular tissue of plants?
Sap
What type of tissue consists of rapidly growing and dividing cells that differentiate to produce new tissues during the plant’s growth?
Meristematic tissue
What is a layer located in the meristematic tissue that enables stems and roots to grow in diameter?
Cambium layers
What type of cambium layer produces new vascular tissue?
Vascular Cambium
What type of cambium layer produces new cork tissue?
Cork cambium
What provides covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces?
Epidermis
What are tiny openings located in the lower epidermis?
stomata
What is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems?
Transpiration
What are crescent shaped cells that expand and contract to open and close each stoma?
Guard cells
What is the middle portion of a leaf for photosynthesis occurs?
Mesophyll
What type of mesophyll is located toward the upper side of the leaf and consists of elongated column like cells?
palisade Mesophyll
What type of mesophyll consists of large, regularly shaped cells separated by large air spaces?
spongy Mesophyll
What are air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells?
Intercellular air spaces
What is the pattern of veins within leaves?
Venation
What type of venation is where veins run parallel to each other?
parallel venation
What type of venation is where veins are in a branching pattern characterized by one major vein with smaller veins extending outward from it?
Pinnate venation
What is the type of venation in which two or more major veins extend outward from 1 point like the fingers extending from the palm of a hand?
Palmate Venation
What are tubes that run through the mesophyll of a leaf?
veins
What is the basic structural unit of all living things?
cell
What’s around the cell and separates it from its environment and regulates what enters and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
What is a spherical body often located near the center of the cell and contains the cell’s activities?
Nucleus
What consists of many molecules in organelles inside of a cell?
Cytoplasm
What make up the cell in the fluid medium that surrounds them?
Organelles
What is located outside of the cytoplasm?
Cell wall
What makes up the cell wall and is made of long chains of glucose?
Cellulose
What is a substance that adds stiffening to the walls of the woody cells in trees and shrubs?
Lignin
What are tiny chemical “factories” that use light to manufacture food?
Chloroplasts
What is the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light?
Chlorophyll
What are the storage structures and cells that store food materials come a fluid substances, and minerals?
Vacuoles
What are organisms that can make their own food and are also called producers?
Autotrophs
What are organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms are also called consumers?
heterotrophs
What is the process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food?
Photosynthesis
What are specialized disks that are stacked within the chloroplasts?
thylakoids
What enables the plant to “burn” sugars is fuel for energy; is the process by combining oxidized sugars with oxygen in a chemical reaction?
Cellular respiration
What is much of the glucose in a plant converted into?
Sucrose
What are long chain like molecules that consist of thousands of glucose molecules linked together that is used for storing energy in a plant?
Starch
Name five factors that influence photosynthesis.
- temperature, - the humidity of the air, - the amount of carbon dioxide, - the amount of available light, and - the wind speed
What produces yellowish colors in a plant?
xanthophyl
What produces yellowish orange colors in a plant?
carotene
What produces bright red, blue, and purple colors in a plant?
anthocyanin
What is the special layer of cells that forms at the base of the petiole in a plant and severs the connection between the petiole and the stem?
abscission layer
What weakens the cell walls of the abscission layer and allows the leaf to break off under its own weight?
Cellulose
What remains on the stem at the point where the petiole was attached?
Leaf scar
What is the process by which a plant loses water vapor through its leaves and stems?
Transpiration
What is the pressure that is caused by the water in the guard cells?
turgor pressure
What is the effect of a high rate of transpiration on a plant?
Wilting
What type of wilting occurs when transpiration takes place faster than the roots can absorb soil water but its effects are usually reversed through the night?
Temporary wilting
What type of wilting occurs if there is a drought and there is not sufficient soil water to replace that lost by transpiration?
Permanent wilting
What is a leaf that has a special design for a special task?
Special leaf
Name three examples of special leaves.
Tendrils, spines, the pitcher plant
What means insect eating?
insectivorous
