Chapter 8 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Who is a scientist who studies the nervous system?
A
neurobiologist
2
Q
Who is a physician who deals with disorders of the nervous system?
A
neurologist
3
Q
What is one of the most amazing designs in God’s living creation that is considered the most highly organized unit of any form of life?
A
nervous system
4
Q
What portion of the nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord?
A
central nervous system
5
Q
What portion of the nervous system consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord?
A
peripheral nervous system
6
Q
What is protected by the cranium and is the principle organ of the nervous system?
A
brain
7
Q
What is a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity that communicate most of the messages from the brain to the rest of the body?
A
spinal cord
8
Q
What type of nerves transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body?
A
spinal nerves
9
Q
What type of nerves branch directly from the brain stem?
A
cranial nerves
10
Q
What is a triple layer of protective tissues that covers the brain and spinal cord?
A
meninges
11
Q
What is one of the strongest tissues of the body and serves primarily as a flexible protective layer?
A
dura mater
12
Q
What is composed of thin fibers that form an intricate three-dimensional network around the brain?
A
arachnoid mater
13
Q
What circulated through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, cushioning the brain when you bump your head?
A
cerebrospinal fluid
14
Q
What supports and insulates nerve tissue?
A
glial cells
15
Q
What are the actual nerve cells?
A
neurons
16
Q
What contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm?
A
cell body
17
Q
What is a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body?
A
dendrite
18
Q
What is a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons?
A
axon
19
Q
What travels in one direction is a nerve fiber, from the dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon?
A
nerve impulses
20
Q
What is found within the brain and spinal cord and consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons?
A
gray matter
21
Q
Why is gray matter gray?
A
because the cell bodies lack myelin
22
Q
What is the white specialized covering that covers axons?
A
myelin
23
Q
What is composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content?
A
white matter
24
Q
What are masses of cell bodies?
A
ganglia
25
What is a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region?
plexus
26
What is a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord?
nerve center
27
What is a portion of the brain stem that controls your breathing?
medulla oblongata
28
What are neurons that transmit information from the senses to the central nervous system?
sensory neurons
29
What are neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body?
motor neurons
30
What type of neuron relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and is involved in information processing?
interneuron
31
What is the tightly sealed capillary walls that protects that central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick?
blood-brain barrier
32
What is the brain's own white blood cells that are allowed to cross the blood-brain barrier to protect the brain from infection?
microglia
33
What is a disease that occurs when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges?
meningitis
34
What is a serious disease that attacks the spinal cord and is caused by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them?
poliomyelitis
35
What is the portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves?
peripheral nervous system
36
What are bundles of nerve fibers branching from the brain and spinal cord and connect the central nervous system to the extremities of the body?
nerves
37
What is a state of prolonged unconscousness?
coma
38
What is one of the largest nerves in the body ad connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back?
sciatic nerve
39
What are nerves branching directly from the brain?
cranial nerves
40
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
twelve
41
What are nerves that are connected the brain through the spinal cord?
spinal nerves
42
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
thirty-one
43
What are nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers?
mixed neurons
44
What are axons that carry sensory impulses to the spinal cord and brain?
sensory nerve fibers
45
What are axons that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs?
motor nerve fibers
46
What is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs?
autonomic nervous system
47
What controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
48
What is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that responds to increased activity and emergency situations?
sympathetic division
49
What is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the sympathetic division?
parasympathetic
50
What is the nerve that controls the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand?
median nerve
51
Do neurons usually reproduce?
no
52
What is a special type of glial cell that produces layers of myelin sheathing on nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
53
What is a disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the body's immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for central-nervous-system axons?
multiple sclerosis
54
What is the inability of the muscles to move?
paralysis
55
What is a brief pulse of positive charge that travels down the axon of a neruon that has been triggered to fire?
action potential
56
What is an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell?
synapse
57
What is a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber?
neuromuscular junction
58
What is the chemical that is released into the synapse when the action potential reached the synapse?
nerotransmitter
59
What is a powerful poison that is responsible for the most deadly rype of food poinsoning?
botulinum toxin
60
What is the bacterium that is the most toxic substance known to man?
Clostridium botulinum
61
What is a serious disease of the nervous system that affects the patient's control of posture and movement?
Parkinson's disease
62
What is the simplest act of the nervous system that is a quick, automated response?
reflex
63
What is the simplest nerve pathway that may involve as few as two or three nerve cells?
reflex arc
64
What is the largest, most important part of the nervous system?
brain
65
What is the upper part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviours?
cerebrum
66
What is the lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate muscle activity?
cerebellum
66
What is the part of the brain the connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system?
brain stem
66
What is the largest part of the brain?
cerebrum
66
What are the two halves of the cerebrum?
hemispheres
66
What is the right hemisphere connected with? The left?
the left side of the body; the right side of the bdy
66
What is a deep groove that separates the left and right hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
67
What is a mass of nerve fibers located at the base of the cerebrum that the two hemispheres communicate through?
corpus callosum
67
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
68
What are the various regions that correspond to the major bones of the cranium?
lobes
69
Does each hemisphere have its own set of lobes?
yes
70
What are the lobes of the cerebrum that correspond to the frontal bone and is associated with personality, judgement, and self-control?
frontal lobes
71
What is the rear portion of the frontal lobe that controls the voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles?
motor area
72
What are the lobes of the cerebrum corresponding to the parietal bones and analyze the senses to feel temperature, pressure, pain, shape, and texture?
parietal lobes
73
What are the lobes that are located at the back of the brain and interpret the sense of vision?
occipital lobes
74
What are the lobes located on either side of the brain and are associated with the senses of hearing, taste, and smell?
temporal lobes
75
What is damage to the cerebral motor area before of shortly after birth?
cerebral palsey
76
What is the second-largest brain region that lied behind the brain stem and just below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?
cerebellum
77
What part of the brain handles most complex muscle coordination?
cerebellum
78
What part of the brain is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?
brain stem
79
What is the lowest part of the brain stem that monitors and regulates various vital body functions?
medulla oblongata
80
What is the part of the brain stem that lied just above the medulla oblongata and links the cerebrum with the cerebellum; it also assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing and coordinated some eye movements and facial expressions?
pons
81
What is the part of the brain stem that lied above the pons and helps coordinated the movements of both eyes, adjust the size of the pupils in response to light, and operates the lens muscles to focus the eyes on the object of your attention?
midbrain
82
What is an intricate network of neurons that lie withing the brain stem that serves as the "master switch" of the cerebrum?
reticular formation
83
What is a state of prolonged unconsciousness?
coma
84
What are structures that lie clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain, surrounded by the cerebrum that are involved in coordinating the activity of the different parts of the brain but also seem to be important in generating and regulating emotions and desires?
limbic system
85
What acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
86
What is the control unit for your body's autonomic systems and the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
87
What is responsible for the physical effect of emotions such as rage and fear?
hypothalamus
88
What processes factual memories for storage?
hippocampus
89
What helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories?
amygdala
90
What is the philosophy that a person's actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli?
behaviorism
91
Are the mind and the physical brain the same thing?
no
92
What is partial or complete hearing loss caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds?
sensorineural deafness
93
What are rhythmic pulses that can be recorded as waves of electrical activity?
brain waves
94
What is the period of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly as is they were watching the events of a dream?
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
95
What is the most commonly abused drug in the world today?
alcohol
96
What is a substance that slows the central nervous system?
depressant
97
What is the type of poison that alcohol is converted into once it enters the bloodstream and is responsible for the hangover that follows consumption?
acetaldehyde
98
What is the degeneration and inflammation of nerves?
neuritis
99
Are dead nerve cells able to regenerate?
no
100
Can existing nerve calls reproduce?
no
101
What occurs when the cell body of the neurons dies?
cell death
102
What is the injury, caused by the body being jolted, to the spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord in the neck?
whiplash
103
What is a condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh, caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve?
sciatica
104
What is the death of brain tissue caused by internal blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain?
stroke
105
What is a minor brain injury?
concussion
106
What is a prolonged state of unconsciousness?
coma
107
What is a disease that is caused by the soil bacteria Clostridium tetani whose toxin damages motor nerves?
tetanus
108
What is a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body?
acute confusion
109
What is a disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss?
senile dementia
110
What is the type of dementia caused by death of brain cells because of blockage in the arteries?
arteriosclerotic dementia
111
What is a disease similar to dementia but is more severe and sometime occurs much earlier in life?
Alzheimer's disease
112
What is the disorder in which neurons malfunction and begin to fire together over and over?
epilepsy
113
What are specialized neurons that obtain sensory information and relay it to the brain and spinal cord?
sensory receptors
114
What include all of the senses of your skin, primarily touch and temperature?
somatic senses
115
What are the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance?
special senses
116
What is a second group of neurons that provide special senses?
sense organs
117
What is a bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of strong stimulus?
pain receptors
118
What are the sensory receptors responsible for sensations of touch and pressure?
mechanoreceptors
119
What respond to temperature changes?
thermoreceptors
120
What type of thermoreceptors react to above normal body temperature?
heat receptors
121
What type of thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperatures below normal body temperature?
cold receptors
122
What are any of the sense, such as taste and smell, that result from chemical stimuli?
chemical senses
123
What are receptors that respond to chemicals?
chemoreceptors
124
What are the chemoreceptors on the back, sidds, and front of the tongue that detect dissolved chemicals in the mouth?
taste buds
125
What are tiny projections on the tongue's surface?
papillae
126
What make up each taste bud and are surrounded by epithelial cells?
taste cells
126
What connects the nose's sensory receptors to the brian?
olfactory nerve
126
What is the part of the ear that is open to the outside of the body?
outer ear
126
What is the visible ear structure on the side of the head?
auricle
126
What is a 2.5cm tube lined with thousands of hairs and wax glands that guard against infection and trap irritants like dust and pollen?
ear canal
127
What is a taut membrane stretched across the inner end of the ear canal like the surface of a drum?
eardrum
128
What is the chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes?
middle ear
129
What are the three bones that form a delicate structure designed to amplify the vibrations while preserving the quality of sound?
malleus, incus, stapes
130
What is the actual organ of hearing?
inner ear
131
What carries the electrical messages from the ear to the brain?
auditory nerve
131
What is the main component of the inner ear that is a fluid-filled chamber?
cochlea
132
What type of hearing is based on vibrations from the jawbone when you speak?
bare conduction
132
What in the inner ear serves as balance sensors?
semicircular canals
132
What is the intricately designed instrument of sight?
eye
132
What is the tube connecting the throat to the middle ear?
eustachian tube
133
What closes reflexively to keep foreign objects from entering the eye?
eyelid
133
What provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye?
socket
133
What are located under the upper eyelid on the side away from the nose and produces tears?
lacrimal glands
134
What is an important component of tears that breaks a chemical bond in the cell walls of bacteria?
lysozyme
134
What is a set of six muscles that move the eye and work together as three matched pairs?
extrinsic muscles
135
What is the tough outer layer of tissue that provides protection and the supporting frame for the interior of the eye?
sclera
136
What is the area through which light enters into the eye?
cornea
137
What is the nerve that connects the eye socket with the thalamus at the base of the brain?
optic nerve
138
What is the middle layer of tissue in the eye?
uvea
139
What is a layer of connective tissue rich in blood vessels which provides most of the eye's nourishment?
choroid
140
What does the choroid become toward the front of the eye?
ciliary body
141
What is the colored portion of the eye that is a continuation of the ciliary body?
iris
142
What is the opening through which light passes?
pupil
143
What is the innermost layer of the eye that is the most delicate and important part of the eye?
retina
144
What is the type of cells in the retina that detect light of all colord?
rod
145
What is the type of cells in the retina that detects colors?
cone cells
145
What is a small depression on the retina that produces the clearest vision due to a higher concentration of cone cells than rod cells?
fovea
146
What is a large bundle of individual nerves that carries the processes signals to the visual centers of the brain?
optic nerve
147
What is the point where the optic nerves meet and is located just beneath the front of the hypothalamus?
optic chiasm
148
What are the bundles of nerve fibers that come out of the optical chiasm as they pass around the thalamus?
optic tracts
149
What are the three primary colors of light?
red, green, blue
150
What is the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball and therefore are no light-sensitive cells to receive visual messages?
blind spot
151
What is the substance in rod cells that absorb light and consists of a molecule derived from vitamin A suspended in a protein framework?
rhodopsin
152
Because the rod cells react indiscriminately to light of all colors, they enable us to see only in shades of what color?
gray
153
What is the phenomenon in which an object's image on the retina persists for about 1/10 second after the object is gone?
persistence of vision
154
What is a clear fluid that focuses the rays of light passing through it?
aqueous humor
155
What is the part of the eye that focuses the rays of light passing through it?
lens
156
What is a transparent, jelly-like substance that fills the space between the lends and the rear of the eye?
vitreous humor
157
What is the ability to see only nearby objects clearly?
nearsightedness
158
What is nearsightedness also known as?
myopia
159
How can nearsightedness be corrected?
by wearing concave lenses in front of the eyes
160
What is the ability to see only far away objects clearly?
farsightedness
161
What is farsightedness also known as?
hyperopia
162
How can farsightedness be corrected?
by wearing convex lenses
163
What is a condition of farsightedness brought on by aging?
presbyopia
164
How can presbyopia be corrected?
by wearing bifocal lenses
165
What type of lenses has the upper portion for distanct vision and the lower portion for near vision?
bifocal lenses
166
What is the condition of not being able to distinguish one or more of the primary colors?
colorblind
167
What is colorblindness usually caused by?
a lack of vitamin A in the diet
168
What is a condition in which the pressure of fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve?
glaucoma
