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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is a scientist who studies the nervous system?

A

neurobiologist

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2
Q

Who is a physician who deals with disorders of the nervous system?

A

neurologist

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3
Q

What is one of the most amazing designs in God’s living creation that is considered the most highly organized unit of any form of life?

A

nervous system

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4
Q

What portion of the nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord?

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

What portion of the nervous system consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord?

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What is protected by the cranium and is the principle organ of the nervous system?

A

brain

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7
Q

What is a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity that communicate most of the messages from the brain to the rest of the body?

A

spinal cord

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8
Q

What type of nerves transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body?

A

spinal nerves

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9
Q

What type of nerves branch directly from the brain stem?

A

cranial nerves

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10
Q

What is a triple layer of protective tissues that covers the brain and spinal cord?

A

meninges

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11
Q

What is one of the strongest tissues of the body and serves primarily as a flexible protective layer?

A

dura mater

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12
Q

What is composed of thin fibers that form an intricate three-dimensional network around the brain?

A

arachnoid mater

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13
Q

What circulated through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, cushioning the brain when you bump your head?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

What supports and insulates nerve tissue?

A

glial cells

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15
Q

What are the actual nerve cells?

A

neurons

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16
Q

What contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm?

A

cell body

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17
Q

What is a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body?

A

dendrite

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18
Q

What is a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons?

A

axon

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19
Q

What travels in one direction is a nerve fiber, from the dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon?

A

nerve impulses

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20
Q

What is found within the brain and spinal cord and consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons?

A

gray matter

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21
Q

Why is gray matter gray?

A

because the cell bodies lack myelin

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22
Q

What is the white specialized covering that covers axons?

A

myelin

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23
Q

What is composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content?

A

white matter

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24
Q

What are masses of cell bodies?

A

ganglia

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25
Q

What is a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region?

A

plexus

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26
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord?

A

nerve center

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27
Q

What is a portion of the brain stem that controls your breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

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28
Q

What are neurons that transmit information from the senses to the central nervous system?

A

sensory neurons

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29
Q

What are neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body?

A

motor neurons

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30
Q

What type of neuron relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and is involved in information processing?

A

interneuron

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31
Q

What is the tightly sealed capillary walls that protects that central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick?

A

blood-brain barrier

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32
Q

What is the brain’s own white blood cells that are allowed to cross the blood-brain barrier to protect the brain from infection?

A

microglia

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33
Q

What is a disease that occurs when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges?

A

meningitis

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34
Q

What is a serious disease that attacks the spinal cord and is caused by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them?

A

poliomyelitis

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35
Q

What is the portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves?

A

peripheral nervous system

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36
Q

What are bundles of nerve fibers branching from the brain and spinal cord and connect the central nervous system to the extremities of the body?

A

nerves

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37
Q

What is a state of prolonged unconscousness?

A

coma

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38
Q

What is one of the largest nerves in the body ad connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back?

A

sciatic nerve

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39
Q

What are nerves branching directly from the brain?

A

cranial nerves

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40
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

twelve

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41
Q

What are nerves that are connected the brain through the spinal cord?

A

spinal nerves

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42
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

thirty-one

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43
Q

What are nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers?

A

mixed neurons

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44
Q

What are axons that carry sensory impulses to the spinal cord and brain?

A

sensory nerve fibers

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45
Q

What are axons that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs?

A

motor nerve fibers

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46
Q

What is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs?

A

autonomic nervous system

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47
Q

What controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

What is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that responds to increased activity and emergency situations?

A

sympathetic division

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49
Q

What is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that counteracts the sympathetic division?

A

parasympathetic

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50
Q

What is the nerve that controls the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand?

A

median nerve

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51
Q

Do neurons usually reproduce?

A

no

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52
Q

What is a special type of glial cell that produces layers of myelin sheathing on nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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53
Q

What is a disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for central-nervous-system axons?

A

multiple sclerosis

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54
Q

What is the inability of the muscles to move?

A

paralysis

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55
Q

What is a brief pulse of positive charge that travels down the axon of a neruon that has been triggered to fire?

A

action potential

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56
Q

What is an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell?

A

synapse

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57
Q

What is a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber?

A

neuromuscular junction

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58
Q

What is the chemical that is released into the synapse when the action potential reached the synapse?

A

nerotransmitter

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59
Q

What is a powerful poison that is responsible for the most deadly rype of food poinsoning?

A

botulinum toxin

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60
Q

What is the bacterium that is the most toxic substance known to man?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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61
Q

What is a serious disease of the nervous system that affects the patient’s control of posture and movement?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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62
Q

What is the simplest act of the nervous system that is a quick, automated response?

A

reflex

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63
Q

What is the simplest nerve pathway that may involve as few as two or three nerve cells?

A

reflex arc

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64
Q

What is the largest, most important part of the nervous system?

A

brain

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65
Q

What is the upper part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviours?

A

cerebrum

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66
Q

What is the lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate muscle activity?

A

cerebellum

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66
Q

What is the part of the brain the connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system?

A

brain stem

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66
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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66
Q

What are the two halves of the cerebrum?

A

hemispheres

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66
Q

What is the right hemisphere connected with? The left?

A

the left side of the body; the right side of the bdy

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66
Q

What is a deep groove that separates the left and right hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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67
Q

What is a mass of nerve fibers located at the base of the cerebrum that the two hemispheres communicate through?

A

corpus callosum

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67
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex

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68
Q

What are the various regions that correspond to the major bones of the cranium?

A

lobes

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69
Q

Does each hemisphere have its own set of lobes?

A

yes

70
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum that correspond to the frontal bone and is associated with personality, judgement, and self-control?

A

frontal lobes

71
Q

What is the rear portion of the frontal lobe that controls the voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles?

A

motor area

72
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum corresponding to the parietal bones and analyze the senses to feel temperature, pressure, pain, shape, and texture?

A

parietal lobes

73
Q

What are the lobes that are located at the back of the brain and interpret the sense of vision?

A

occipital lobes

74
Q

What are the lobes located on either side of the brain and are associated with the senses of hearing, taste, and smell?

A

temporal lobes

75
Q

What is damage to the cerebral motor area before of shortly after birth?

A

cerebral palsey

76
Q

What is the second-largest brain region that lied behind the brain stem and just below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?

A

cerebellum

77
Q

What part of the brain handles most complex muscle coordination?

A

cerebellum

78
Q

What part of the brain is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?

A

brain stem

79
Q

What is the lowest part of the brain stem that monitors and regulates various vital body functions?

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

What is the part of the brain stem that lied just above the medulla oblongata and links the cerebrum with the cerebellum; it also assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing and coordinated some eye movements and facial expressions?

A

pons

81
Q

What is the part of the brain stem that lied above the pons and helps coordinated the movements of both eyes, adjust the size of the pupils in response to light, and operates the lens muscles to focus the eyes on the object of your attention?

A

midbrain

82
Q

What is an intricate network of neurons that lie withing the brain stem that serves as the “master switch” of the cerebrum?

A

reticular formation

83
Q

What is a state of prolonged unconsciousness?

A

coma

84
Q

What are structures that lie clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain, surrounded by the cerebrum that are involved in coordinating the activity of the different parts of the brain but also seem to be important in generating and regulating emotions and desires?

A

limbic system

85
Q

What acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

86
Q

What is the control unit for your body’s autonomic systems and the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

87
Q

What is responsible for the physical effect of emotions such as rage and fear?

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

What processes factual memories for storage?

A

hippocampus

89
Q

What helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories?

A

amygdala

90
Q

What is the philosophy that a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli?

A

behaviorism

91
Q

Are the mind and the physical brain the same thing?

A

no

92
Q

What is partial or complete hearing loss caused by repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds?

A

sensorineural deafness

93
Q

What are rhythmic pulses that can be recorded as waves of electrical activity?

A

brain waves

94
Q

What is the period of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly as is they were watching the events of a dream?

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

95
Q

What is the most commonly abused drug in the world today?

A

alcohol

96
Q

What is a substance that slows the central nervous system?

A

depressant

97
Q

What is the type of poison that alcohol is converted into once it enters the bloodstream and is responsible for the hangover that follows consumption?

A

acetaldehyde

98
Q

What is the degeneration and inflammation of nerves?

A

neuritis

99
Q

Are dead nerve cells able to regenerate?

A

no

100
Q

Can existing nerve calls reproduce?

A

no

101
Q

What occurs when the cell body of the neurons dies?

A

cell death

102
Q

What is the injury, caused by the body being jolted, to the spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord in the neck?

A

whiplash

103
Q

What is a condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh, caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve?

A

sciatica

104
Q

What is the death of brain tissue caused by internal blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain?

A

stroke

105
Q

What is a minor brain injury?

A

concussion

106
Q

What is a prolonged state of unconsciousness?

A

coma

107
Q

What is a disease that is caused by the soil bacteria Clostridium tetani whose toxin damages motor nerves?

A

tetanus

108
Q

What is a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body?

A

acute confusion

109
Q

What is a disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss?

A

senile dementia

110
Q

What is the type of dementia caused by death of brain cells because of blockage in the arteries?

A

arteriosclerotic dementia

111
Q

What is a disease similar to dementia but is more severe and sometime occurs much earlier in life?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

112
Q

What is the disorder in which neurons malfunction and begin to fire together over and over?

A

epilepsy

113
Q

What are specialized neurons that obtain sensory information and relay it to the brain and spinal cord?

A

sensory receptors

114
Q

What include all of the senses of your skin, primarily touch and temperature?

A

somatic senses

115
Q

What are the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance?

A

special senses

116
Q

What is a second group of neurons that provide special senses?

A

sense organs

117
Q

What is a bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of strong stimulus?

A

pain receptors

118
Q

What are the sensory receptors responsible for sensations of touch and pressure?

A

mechanoreceptors

119
Q

What respond to temperature changes?

A

thermoreceptors

120
Q

What type of thermoreceptors react to above normal body temperature?

A

heat receptors

121
Q

What type of thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperatures below normal body temperature?

A

cold receptors

122
Q

What are any of the sense, such as taste and smell, that result from chemical stimuli?

A

chemical senses

123
Q

What are receptors that respond to chemicals?

A

chemoreceptors

124
Q

What are the chemoreceptors on the back, sidds, and front of the tongue that detect dissolved chemicals in the mouth?

A

taste buds

125
Q

What are tiny projections on the tongue’s surface?

A

papillae

126
Q

What make up each taste bud and are surrounded by epithelial cells?

A

taste cells

126
Q

What connects the nose’s sensory receptors to the brian?

A

olfactory nerve

126
Q

What is the part of the ear that is open to the outside of the body?

A

outer ear

126
Q

What is the visible ear structure on the side of the head?

A

auricle

126
Q

What is a 2.5cm tube lined with thousands of hairs and wax glands that guard against infection and trap irritants like dust and pollen?

A

ear canal

127
Q

What is a taut membrane stretched across the inner end of the ear canal like the surface of a drum?

A

eardrum

128
Q

What is the chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes?

A

middle ear

129
Q

What are the three bones that form a delicate structure designed to amplify the vibrations while preserving the quality of sound?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

130
Q

What is the actual organ of hearing?

A

inner ear

131
Q

What carries the electrical messages from the ear to the brain?

A

auditory nerve

131
Q

What is the main component of the inner ear that is a fluid-filled chamber?

A

cochlea

132
Q

What type of hearing is based on vibrations from the jawbone when you speak?

A

bare conduction

132
Q

What in the inner ear serves as balance sensors?

A

semicircular canals

132
Q

What is the intricately designed instrument of sight?

A

eye

132
Q

What is the tube connecting the throat to the middle ear?

A

eustachian tube

133
Q

What closes reflexively to keep foreign objects from entering the eye?

A

eyelid

133
Q

What provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye?

A

socket

133
Q

What are located under the upper eyelid on the side away from the nose and produces tears?

A

lacrimal glands

134
Q

What is an important component of tears that breaks a chemical bond in the cell walls of bacteria?

A

lysozyme

134
Q

What is a set of six muscles that move the eye and work together as three matched pairs?

A

extrinsic muscles

135
Q

What is the tough outer layer of tissue that provides protection and the supporting frame for the interior of the eye?

A

sclera

136
Q

What is the area through which light enters into the eye?

A

cornea

137
Q

What is the nerve that connects the eye socket with the thalamus at the base of the brain?

A

optic nerve

138
Q

What is the middle layer of tissue in the eye?

A

uvea

139
Q

What is a layer of connective tissue rich in blood vessels which provides most of the eye’s nourishment?

A

choroid

140
Q

What does the choroid become toward the front of the eye?

A

ciliary body

141
Q

What is the colored portion of the eye that is a continuation of the ciliary body?

A

iris

142
Q

What is the opening through which light passes?

A

pupil

143
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye that is the most delicate and important part of the eye?

A

retina

144
Q

What is the type of cells in the retina that detect light of all colord?

A

rod

145
Q

What is the type of cells in the retina that detects colors?

A

cone cells

145
Q

What is a small depression on the retina that produces the clearest vision due to a higher concentration of cone cells than rod cells?

A

fovea

146
Q

What is a large bundle of individual nerves that carries the processes signals to the visual centers of the brain?

A

optic nerve

147
Q

What is the point where the optic nerves meet and is located just beneath the front of the hypothalamus?

A

optic chiasm

148
Q

What are the bundles of nerve fibers that come out of the optical chiasm as they pass around the thalamus?

A

optic tracts

149
Q

What are the three primary colors of light?

A

red, green, blue

150
Q

What is the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball and therefore are no light-sensitive cells to receive visual messages?

A

blind spot

151
Q

What is the substance in rod cells that absorb light and consists of a molecule derived from vitamin A suspended in a protein framework?

A

rhodopsin

152
Q

Because the rod cells react indiscriminately to light of all colors, they enable us to see only in shades of what color?

A

gray

153
Q

What is the phenomenon in which an object’s image on the retina persists for about 1/10 second after the object is gone?

A

persistence of vision

154
Q

What is a clear fluid that focuses the rays of light passing through it?

A

aqueous humor

155
Q

What is the part of the eye that focuses the rays of light passing through it?

A

lens

156
Q

What is a transparent, jelly-like substance that fills the space between the lends and the rear of the eye?

A

vitreous humor

157
Q

What is the ability to see only nearby objects clearly?

A

nearsightedness

158
Q

What is nearsightedness also known as?

A

myopia

159
Q

How can nearsightedness be corrected?

A

by wearing concave lenses in front of the eyes

160
Q

What is the ability to see only far away objects clearly?

A

farsightedness

161
Q

What is farsightedness also known as?

A

hyperopia

162
Q

How can farsightedness be corrected?

A

by wearing convex lenses

163
Q

What is a condition of farsightedness brought on by aging?

A

presbyopia

164
Q

How can presbyopia be corrected?

A

by wearing bifocal lenses

165
Q

What type of lenses has the upper portion for distanct vision and the lower portion for near vision?

A

bifocal lenses

166
Q

What is the condition of not being able to distinguish one or more of the primary colors?

A

colorblind

167
Q

What is colorblindness usually caused by?

A

a lack of vitamin A in the diet

168
Q

What is a condition in which the pressure of fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the cells of the optic nerve?

A

glaucoma

Biology (10 decks)

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