Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is the system that is the framework of the human body and is composed of approximately 206 bones that support the body and protect vital organs?
skeletal system
What functions together with the skeletal system and the nervous system to make body movements possible?
muscular system
What is one of the broad divisions of the skeletal system that is the “backbone” of the skeletal system and is made of up to eighty bones that constitute the head and spine?
axial skeleton
What is the other broad division of the skeletal system that refers to the bones of the appendages, shoulders, and hips?
appendicular skeleton
What is the braincase which is the largest portion of the skull and composed the top, sides, and rear of the skull?
cranium
Which bone of the skull is the forehead?
frontal bone
Which bone of the skull in the top of the head?
parietal bone
Which bone of the skull is the sides of the head?
temporal bones
Which bone of the skull in the back of the head?
occipital bone
What are tough membranes made of fibrous connective tissue that loosely connect the bones of an infant’s cranium?
fontanel
What are the uneven lines that help absorb some of the shock from a blow to the head?
sutres
What are the bones that serve as the framework of the face and jaw?
faciat bones
What are the bones that form the central portion of the face and serve as the attachments for your upper teeth?
maxillary bones
What are the bones located behind the maxillary bones and forms the roof of your mouth?
palatine bones
What is the bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth and is the only moveable bone of the skull?
mandible
What are strong connective tissues that hold the cranium to the skull?
ligaments
What are hollow spheres that certain bones of the skill are designed with?
sinuses
What is the bone that is an important U-shaped bone hidden in the upper neck and serves as the foundation of many tounge muscules and certain other muscles that allow you to swallow?
hyoid bone
Where are the three smallest bones in the body located?
in the middle ear
What is the chief structural member of the body that is a massive, column-like structure that consists of thirty-three segments called vertebrae?
vertebral column
What is a tough rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joins between bones?
cartilage
What are located between the vertebrae and allow the spine to bend or twist somewhat?
intervertebral disks
What part os the vertebral column forms the upper neck?
cervical vertebrae
What is the mounting to which the head is connected and allows the head to rotate upward or downward while keeping your neck straight?
atlas
What is the designated base for the atlas the allows the head to swivel left or right?
axis
What part of the vertebral column serves as attachments for the rib cage and is the largest segment of the vertebral column?
thoracic vertebrae
What is the largest part of the vertebral column?
lumbar vertebrae
What is a single bone called the sacrum in adults?
sacral vertebrae
What part of the vertebral column is located beneath the sacrum and is also known as the tailbone?
coccyx
What is a severe lateral curvature of the spine?
scoliosis
What are the bones of the chest that protect the vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity?
thoracic cage
What are the most prominent bones of the thoracic cage?
ribs
What are the ribs attached to?
sternum and vertbrae
What is the part of the skeletal system that includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the appendages?
appendicular skeleton
What are the short segments of flexible cartilage that attach the ribs indirectly to the sternum?
costal cartilages
What are the shoulder bones that include the shoulder blade and the collarbones?
pectoral girdle
What contains the sockets for the arms?
shoulder blades
What is also called the clavicle and attaches to the top of your sternum?
collarbone
What is the largest of the three bones in the arm that forms the upper arm and attaches to the scapul at the sholder joint?
humerus
What is the bone on the side of your forearm as your little finger and is attached to firmly to the humerus by a strong hinge-like joint?
ulna
What is the bone on the same side as your thumb and is attached to the ulna and humerus by a weaker but more movable joint that allows it to rotate around the ulna?
radius
What are the eight bones that attach the hand to the ulna and radius and form an intricate assemble that allows the wrist to bend in various directions?
carpals
What compose the base of the thumb and the main part of your hand?
metacarpals
What attach to the metacarpals and forms the fingers and thumb?
plalanges
What is the portion of the pelvis that is formed from the pevlic bones?
pelvic girdle
What is the largest bone of the leg that composes the thigh?
femur
What is the shinbone that is the main weight-bearing bone of the leg and extends from the knee joint to the ankle?
tibia
What is much thinner than the tibia and does not attach toe the femur at all?
fibula
What is found on the front of the knee?
patella
What is a strong “cable” of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone?
patella
What attach the foot to the tibia and fibula and are somewhat similar to the carpals of the wrist but are thicker and stronger to support the weight of the body?
tarsals
What is the largest tarsal?
calcaneus
What correspond to the metacarpals of the hand and form that framework of the instep and the ball of the foot?
metatarsals
What type of bones are longer than they are wide and most support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement?
long bones
What type of bones are roughly cubes shaped and are nearly as wide as they are long?
short bones
What type of bones often have the job of protecting vital organs?
flat bones
What type of bones are any bone that cannot be easily classified into one of the first three categories?
irregular bone
What is the bone’s shaft?
diaphysis
What is each of the bulged ends on a bone?
epiphysis
What is a protective sheath which contains blood vessels that supply the bone with nutrients?
periostium
What is a strong, dense substance that composed the outer shell of the bone and gives the bone great strength and rigidity; is located in the diaphysis?
compact bone
What is a lightweight porous tissue that replaces a dense compact bone and is located inside the epiphysis?
spongy bone
What is a special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems?
medullary cavity
What is a fatty substance that stores fats and reproduces red marrow in adults?
yellow marrow
What contains much calcium and phosphorus and causes the harness of bone?
hydroxyapatite
What is a tough, resilient protein that serves the same purpose as the steel rods in reinforce concrete and help to prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other?
collagen
What are special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new?
osteoclasts
What construct new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go?
osteoblasts
What is a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed?
rickets
Who was a German orthopedic surgeon who formulated a law that describes the effects of exercise of stress on bones?
Julius Wolff
What is the law that describes how bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them?
Wolff’s Law
What is the process by which cartilage in replaced with bone?
ossification
What is a break or crack in a bone?
fracture
What type of fracture occurs when a bone breaks cleanly in two?
transverse fracture
What type of fracture occurs when the bone cracks and bends but remains held together by its collagen fibers?
greenstick fracture
What type of fracture occurs when a bone is twisted or exposed to sudden impact at either end?
spiral fracture
What type of fracture occurs when part of a bone is broken into multiple fragments?
comminuted fracture
What type of fracture occurs when a bone cracks of breaks but does not pierce through the skin?
simple fracture
What type of fracture occurs when the broken bone pierces through the skin?
compound fracture
What are the places where bones join?
joints
What type of joints join bones rigidly together and do not allow movement?
immoveable joints
What type of joints make some bending and twisting movements possible?
slightly moveable joints
What type of joints are the most important joints that allow a wide range of motion?
moveable joint
What is a clear, water-based lubricant that allows the bones to glide smoothly over each other?
synovial fluid
What type of freely moveable joint allows a bone to move back and forth in a single plane?
hinge joint
What are some examples of hinge joints?
the knees and the joints of the fingers
What type of freely moveable joint is the most freely moveable joints in the body in which the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone?
ball-and-socket-joint
What are some examples of ball-and-socket-joints?
the two shoulder joints and the hip joints
What type of freely moveable joints allow a bone to rotate in place against another bone?
pivot joint
What are some examples of pivot joints?
the joint between the atlas and the axis, and the joints just below each elbow
What type of freely moveable joint consists of a bone with a convex surface that fits into a concave portion of another bones and allows movements in two places but do not permit the bone to rotate in place?
ellipsoid joint
What are some examples of ellipsoid joints?
the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
What type of freely moveable joint allows one bone to merely slide across the surface of another?
gliding joint
What are some examples of gliding joints?
the joints between the carpal bones of your wrist
What is the type of freely moveable joint that is a saddle-shaped portion of a bone is nestled into a saddle-shaped portion of another bone?
saddle joint
What are some examples of saddle joints?
the joints that are located in the thumbs
What serves as a container for the synovial fluid?
joint capsul
What lines the inside of the joint capsule?
synovial membrane
What is the inflammation of the joints?
arthritis
What occurs when the ligaments of a joint are overstretched, causing them to become tender and inflamed?
sprain
What is a serious problem in which a joint is overstretched to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment?
dislocation
What are muscles that are generally under conscious control?
voluntary muscles
What are muscles that are not under completely conscious control?
involuntary muscle
What are voluntary muscles whose primary function is to move parts of the skeleton?
skeletal muscles
What are individual cells that make up skeletal muscles?
muscle fibers
What is muscle tissue that has a striped appearance uner the miscroscope?
striated muscle
What are involuntary smooth muscle tissue used to perform functions such as operating sphincters, adjusting tension in blood-vessel walls, squeezing food through the alimentary canal, and adjusting the focus of the lenses in the eyes?
smooth muscle
What is found only in the heart and is specially designed to contract over and over without tiring?
cardiac muscle
What are the muscles that connect the temporal bones of the skull to the sternum and clavicles?
sternocleidomastoid
What are the two muscles that are located on each side of the head and connect the mandible to the cranium and function to close the jaw?
temporalis and masseter
What are the muscles that permit you to pull your shoulders back or to shrug, allow you to tilt your head, and wok with the sternocleidomastoid to turn the head from side to side?
trapezius
What are the muscles that attach to the side of each scapula and stretch forward around the sides of the rib cage?
serratus muscles
What are the muscles that work with the serratus muscles to pull the shoulders forward?
pectoralis minor
What are the muscles that help you to breathe?
intercostal muscles
What are the largest of the chest muscles that extends from the sternum toward the outside of the chest where it narrows to form a tendon that connects to the humerus?
pectoralis major
What are the muscles that form the curves of your shoulders and lift the upper arms away from the body, such as raise your hands to the side?
deltoid
What are the muscles that connect each humerus to the lumbar region of the spine and are responsible for drawing your arms to the rear?
latissimus dorsi
What are the muscles that allow you to bend your forearms?
biceps brachii
What are the muscles that allow you straighten your arms?
triceps brachii
What are the muscles that extend from the bottom of the sternum to the front of the pelvic girdle?
rectus abdominis
What are the muscles that also connect the ribs to the pelvic but extend more to the sides?
external oblique
What are the muscles that extend vertically along the spinal column from the upper back to the pelivs?
erector spinae
What are the largest and strongest muscles in the body?
gluteus maximus
What is a group of gour muscles that are located in the front of each thigh and are all connected to the tibia?
quadriceps femoris
What is the tendon that contains the kneecap and connect the quadriceps femoris muscles to the tibia?
patella tendon
What is a group of three muscles in the back of each thing that work together to bend the leg at the knee?
hamstrings
What is the muscle that extends diagonally from the front of the pelvic bones and passes around the side of the thigh, eventually connecting to the tibia?
sartorius
What is the largest muscle of the calf that forms the bulge on the upper back part of your calf?
gastrocnemius
What is the tendon that aids the gastrocnemius in extending the foot downward?
Achilles tendon
What is the muscle that pulls the foot upward?
tibialis anterior
What is a tough, translucent sheath which binds the muscle together?
fascia
What are located on the ends of muscles and attach muscle to bone?
tendons
What are the millions of individual cells that compose skeletal muscles?
muscle fibers
What is the sheath of tough connective ties that encases each muscle fiber?
endomysium
What are the muscle fibers called when they are bundled together into largest groups?
fascicles
What is an additional layer of connective tissue that bond several dozen endomysium together?
perimysium
What surrounds each muscle fiber?
cell membrane
What are the cell’s power plants?
mitochondria
What extends the length of the muscle cell and is the contraction machinery?
myfibrils
What is each myofibril composed of that gives skeletal muscles its banded or striated appearance?
sarcomeres
What is an extensive network of pipes and reservoirs that surround each myofibril?
sacroplamic reticulum
What connect the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the surface of the muscle wall?
transverse tubules
What is the point at which a motor neuron connects to a muscle cell?
neuromuscular junction
What transmits signals to individual muscle cells?
motor neurons
What is a special chemical that the muscle cell releases when the nerve triggers at the neuromuscular junction?
nerurotransmitter
What is the group of muscle cells that are controlled by a motor neuron?
motor unit
What is the principle stating the when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract it does so completely and then relaxes completely?
all-or-none-principle
What is the enlargement of muscles through use?
hypertrophy
What is muscle degeneration?
atrophy
What are muscle fibers that contains mnay mitochrondria and large amounts of myglobic?
red fibers
What are muscle fibers containing fewer mitochondria and less myglobin than less fibers?
white fiber
What is the brain’s total awareness?
muscle sense
