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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the system that is the framework of the human body and is composed of approximately 206 bones that support the body and protect vital organs?

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

What functions together with the skeletal system and the nervous system to make body movements possible?

A

muscular system

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3
Q

What is one of the broad divisions of the skeletal system that is the “backbone” of the skeletal system and is made of up to eighty bones that constitute the head and spine?

A

axial skeleton

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4
Q

What is the other broad division of the skeletal system that refers to the bones of the appendages, shoulders, and hips?

A

appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

What is the braincase which is the largest portion of the skull and composed the top, sides, and rear of the skull?

A

cranium

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6
Q

Which bone of the skull is the forehead?

A

frontal bone

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7
Q

Which bone of the skull in the top of the head?

A

parietal bone

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8
Q

Which bone of the skull is the sides of the head?

A

temporal bones

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9
Q

Which bone of the skull in the back of the head?

A

occipital bone

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10
Q

What are tough membranes made of fibrous connective tissue that loosely connect the bones of an infant’s cranium?

A

fontanel

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11
Q

What are the uneven lines that help absorb some of the shock from a blow to the head?

A

sutres

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12
Q

What are the bones that serve as the framework of the face and jaw?

A

faciat bones

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13
Q

What are the bones that form the central portion of the face and serve as the attachments for your upper teeth?

A

maxillary bones

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14
Q

What are the bones located behind the maxillary bones and forms the roof of your mouth?

A

palatine bones

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15
Q

What is the bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth and is the only moveable bone of the skull?

A

mandible

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16
Q

What are strong connective tissues that hold the cranium to the skull?

A

ligaments

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17
Q

What are hollow spheres that certain bones of the skill are designed with?

A

sinuses

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18
Q

What is the bone that is an important U-shaped bone hidden in the upper neck and serves as the foundation of many tounge muscules and certain other muscles that allow you to swallow?

A

hyoid bone

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19
Q

Where are the three smallest bones in the body located?

A

in the middle ear

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20
Q

What is the chief structural member of the body that is a massive, column-like structure that consists of thirty-three segments called vertebrae?

A

vertebral column

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21
Q

What is a tough rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joins between bones?

A

cartilage

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22
Q

What are located between the vertebrae and allow the spine to bend or twist somewhat?

A

intervertebral disks

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23
Q

What part os the vertebral column forms the upper neck?

A

cervical vertebrae

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24
Q

What is the mounting to which the head is connected and allows the head to rotate upward or downward while keeping your neck straight?

A

atlas

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25
Q

What is the designated base for the atlas the allows the head to swivel left or right?

A

axis

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26
Q

What part of the vertebral column serves as attachments for the rib cage and is the largest segment of the vertebral column?

A

thoracic vertebrae

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27
Q

What is the largest part of the vertebral column?

A

lumbar vertebrae

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28
Q

What is a single bone called the sacrum in adults?

A

sacral vertebrae

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29
Q

What part of the vertebral column is located beneath the sacrum and is also known as the tailbone?

A

coccyx

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30
Q

What is a severe lateral curvature of the spine?

A

scoliosis

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31
Q

What are the bones of the chest that protect the vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic cage

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32
Q

What are the most prominent bones of the thoracic cage?

A

ribs

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33
Q

What are the ribs attached to?

A

sternum and vertbrae

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34
Q

What is the part of the skeletal system that includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the appendages?

A

appendicular skeleton

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35
Q

What are the short segments of flexible cartilage that attach the ribs indirectly to the sternum?

A

costal cartilages

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36
Q

What are the shoulder bones that include the shoulder blade and the collarbones?

A

pectoral girdle

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37
Q

What contains the sockets for the arms?

A

shoulder blades

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38
Q

What is also called the clavicle and attaches to the top of your sternum?

A

collarbone

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39
Q

What is the largest of the three bones in the arm that forms the upper arm and attaches to the scapul at the sholder joint?

A

humerus

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40
Q

What is the bone on the side of your forearm as your little finger and is attached to firmly to the humerus by a strong hinge-like joint?

A

ulna

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41
Q

What is the bone on the same side as your thumb and is attached to the ulna and humerus by a weaker but more movable joint that allows it to rotate around the ulna?

A

radius

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42
Q

What are the eight bones that attach the hand to the ulna and radius and form an intricate assemble that allows the wrist to bend in various directions?

A

carpals

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43
Q

What compose the base of the thumb and the main part of your hand?

A

metacarpals

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44
Q

What attach to the metacarpals and forms the fingers and thumb?

A

plalanges

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45
Q

What is the portion of the pelvis that is formed from the pevlic bones?

A

pelvic girdle

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46
Q

What is the largest bone of the leg that composes the thigh?

A

femur

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47
Q

What is the shinbone that is the main weight-bearing bone of the leg and extends from the knee joint to the ankle?

A

tibia

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48
Q

What is much thinner than the tibia and does not attach toe the femur at all?

A

fibula

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49
Q

What is found on the front of the knee?

A

patella

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50
Q

What is a strong “cable” of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone?

A

patella

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51
Q

What attach the foot to the tibia and fibula and are somewhat similar to the carpals of the wrist but are thicker and stronger to support the weight of the body?

A

tarsals

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52
Q

What is the largest tarsal?

A

calcaneus

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53
Q

What correspond to the metacarpals of the hand and form that framework of the instep and the ball of the foot?

A

metatarsals

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54
Q

What type of bones are longer than they are wide and most support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement?

A

long bones

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55
Q

What type of bones are roughly cubes shaped and are nearly as wide as they are long?

A

short bones

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56
Q

What type of bones often have the job of protecting vital organs?

A

flat bones

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57
Q

What type of bones are any bone that cannot be easily classified into one of the first three categories?

A

irregular bone

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58
Q

What is the bone’s shaft?

A

diaphysis

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59
Q

What is each of the bulged ends on a bone?

A

epiphysis

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60
Q

What is a protective sheath which contains blood vessels that supply the bone with nutrients?

A

periostium

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61
Q

What is a strong, dense substance that composed the outer shell of the bone and gives the bone great strength and rigidity; is located in the diaphysis?

A

compact bone

62
Q

What is a lightweight porous tissue that replaces a dense compact bone and is located inside the epiphysis?

A

spongy bone

63
Q

What is a special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems?

A

medullary cavity

64
Q

What is a fatty substance that stores fats and reproduces red marrow in adults?

A

yellow marrow

65
Q

What contains much calcium and phosphorus and causes the harness of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

66
Q

What is a tough, resilient protein that serves the same purpose as the steel rods in reinforce concrete and help to prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other?

A

collagen

67
Q

What are special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new?

A

osteoclasts

68
Q

What construct new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go?

A

osteoblasts

69
Q

What is a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed?

A

rickets

70
Q

Who was a German orthopedic surgeon who formulated a law that describes the effects of exercise of stress on bones?

A

Julius Wolff

71
Q

What is the law that describes how bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them?

A

Wolff’s Law

72
Q

What is the process by which cartilage in replaced with bone?

A

ossification

73
Q

What is a break or crack in a bone?

A

fracture

74
Q

What type of fracture occurs when a bone breaks cleanly in two?

A

transverse fracture

75
Q

What type of fracture occurs when the bone cracks and bends but remains held together by its collagen fibers?

A

greenstick fracture

76
Q

What type of fracture occurs when a bone is twisted or exposed to sudden impact at either end?

A

spiral fracture

77
Q

What type of fracture occurs when part of a bone is broken into multiple fragments?

A

comminuted fracture

78
Q

What type of fracture occurs when a bone cracks of breaks but does not pierce through the skin?

A

simple fracture

79
Q

What type of fracture occurs when the broken bone pierces through the skin?

A

compound fracture

80
Q

What are the places where bones join?

A

joints

81
Q

What type of joints join bones rigidly together and do not allow movement?

A

immoveable joints

82
Q

What type of joints make some bending and twisting movements possible?

A

slightly moveable joints

83
Q

What type of joints are the most important joints that allow a wide range of motion?

A

moveable joint

84
Q

What is a clear, water-based lubricant that allows the bones to glide smoothly over each other?

A

synovial fluid

85
Q

What type of freely moveable joint allows a bone to move back and forth in a single plane?

A

hinge joint

86
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

the knees and the joints of the fingers

87
Q

What type of freely moveable joint is the most freely moveable joints in the body in which the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone?

A

ball-and-socket-joint

88
Q

What are some examples of ball-and-socket-joints?

A

the two shoulder joints and the hip joints

89
Q

What type of freely moveable joints allow a bone to rotate in place against another bone?

A

pivot joint

90
Q

What are some examples of pivot joints?

A

the joint between the atlas and the axis, and the joints just below each elbow

91
Q

What type of freely moveable joint consists of a bone with a convex surface that fits into a concave portion of another bones and allows movements in two places but do not permit the bone to rotate in place?

A

ellipsoid joint

92
Q

What are some examples of ellipsoid joints?

A

the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges

93
Q

What type of freely moveable joint allows one bone to merely slide across the surface of another?

A

gliding joint

94
Q

What are some examples of gliding joints?

A

the joints between the carpal bones of your wrist

95
Q

What is the type of freely moveable joint that is a saddle-shaped portion of a bone is nestled into a saddle-shaped portion of another bone?

A

saddle joint

96
Q

What are some examples of saddle joints?

A

the joints that are located in the thumbs

97
Q

What serves as a container for the synovial fluid?

A

joint capsul

98
Q

What lines the inside of the joint capsule?

A

synovial membrane

99
Q

What is the inflammation of the joints?

A

arthritis

100
Q

What occurs when the ligaments of a joint are overstretched, causing them to become tender and inflamed?

A

sprain

101
Q

What is a serious problem in which a joint is overstretched to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment?

A

dislocation

102
Q

What are muscles that are generally under conscious control?

A

voluntary muscles

103
Q

What are muscles that are not under completely conscious control?

A

involuntary muscle

104
Q

What are voluntary muscles whose primary function is to move parts of the skeleton?

A

skeletal muscles

105
Q

What are individual cells that make up skeletal muscles?

A

muscle fibers

106
Q

What is muscle tissue that has a striped appearance uner the miscroscope?

A

striated muscle

107
Q

What are involuntary smooth muscle tissue used to perform functions such as operating sphincters, adjusting tension in blood-vessel walls, squeezing food through the alimentary canal, and adjusting the focus of the lenses in the eyes?

A

smooth muscle

108
Q

What is found only in the heart and is specially designed to contract over and over without tiring?

A

cardiac muscle

109
Q

What are the muscles that connect the temporal bones of the skull to the sternum and clavicles?

A

sternocleidomastoid

110
Q

What are the two muscles that are located on each side of the head and connect the mandible to the cranium and function to close the jaw?

A

temporalis and masseter

111
Q

What are the muscles that permit you to pull your shoulders back or to shrug, allow you to tilt your head, and wok with the sternocleidomastoid to turn the head from side to side?

A

trapezius

112
Q

What are the muscles that attach to the side of each scapula and stretch forward around the sides of the rib cage?

A

serratus muscles

113
Q

What are the muscles that work with the serratus muscles to pull the shoulders forward?

A

pectoralis minor

114
Q

What are the muscles that help you to breathe?

A

intercostal muscles

115
Q

What are the largest of the chest muscles that extends from the sternum toward the outside of the chest where it narrows to form a tendon that connects to the humerus?

A

pectoralis major

116
Q

What are the muscles that form the curves of your shoulders and lift the upper arms away from the body, such as raise your hands to the side?

A

deltoid

117
Q

What are the muscles that connect each humerus to the lumbar region of the spine and are responsible for drawing your arms to the rear?

A

latissimus dorsi

118
Q

What are the muscles that allow you to bend your forearms?

A

biceps brachii

119
Q

What are the muscles that allow you straighten your arms?

A

triceps brachii

120
Q

What are the muscles that extend from the bottom of the sternum to the front of the pelvic girdle?

A

rectus abdominis

121
Q

What are the muscles that also connect the ribs to the pelvic but extend more to the sides?

A

external oblique

122
Q

What are the muscles that extend vertically along the spinal column from the upper back to the pelivs?

A

erector spinae

123
Q

What are the largest and strongest muscles in the body?

A

gluteus maximus

124
Q

What is a group of gour muscles that are located in the front of each thigh and are all connected to the tibia?

A

quadriceps femoris

125
Q

What is the tendon that contains the kneecap and connect the quadriceps femoris muscles to the tibia?

A

patella tendon

126
Q

What is a group of three muscles in the back of each thing that work together to bend the leg at the knee?

A

hamstrings

127
Q

What is the muscle that extends diagonally from the front of the pelvic bones and passes around the side of the thigh, eventually connecting to the tibia?

A

sartorius

128
Q

What is the largest muscle of the calf that forms the bulge on the upper back part of your calf?

A

gastrocnemius

129
Q

What is the tendon that aids the gastrocnemius in extending the foot downward?

A

Achilles tendon

130
Q

What is the muscle that pulls the foot upward?

A

tibialis anterior

131
Q

What is a tough, translucent sheath which binds the muscle together?

A

fascia

132
Q

What are located on the ends of muscles and attach muscle to bone?

A

tendons

133
Q

What are the millions of individual cells that compose skeletal muscles?

A

muscle fibers

134
Q

What is the sheath of tough connective ties that encases each muscle fiber?

A

endomysium

135
Q

What are the muscle fibers called when they are bundled together into largest groups?

A

fascicles

136
Q

What is an additional layer of connective tissue that bond several dozen endomysium together?

A

perimysium

137
Q

What surrounds each muscle fiber?

A

cell membrane

138
Q

What are the cell’s power plants?

A

mitochondria

139
Q

What extends the length of the muscle cell and is the contraction machinery?

A

myfibrils

140
Q

What is each myofibril composed of that gives skeletal muscles its banded or striated appearance?

A

sarcomeres

141
Q

What is an extensive network of pipes and reservoirs that surround each myofibril?

A

sacroplamic reticulum

142
Q

What connect the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the surface of the muscle wall?

A

transverse tubules

143
Q

What is the point at which a motor neuron connects to a muscle cell?

A

neuromuscular junction

144
Q

What transmits signals to individual muscle cells?

A

motor neurons

144
Q

What is a special chemical that the muscle cell releases when the nerve triggers at the neuromuscular junction?

A

nerurotransmitter

144
Q

What is the group of muscle cells that are controlled by a motor neuron?

A

motor unit

144
Q

What is the principle stating the when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract it does so completely and then relaxes completely?

A

all-or-none-principle

144
Q

What is the enlargement of muscles through use?

A

hypertrophy

145
Q

What is muscle degeneration?

A

atrophy

146
Q

What are muscle fibers that contains mnay mitochrondria and large amounts of myglobic?

A

red fibers

147
Q

What are muscle fibers containing fewer mitochondria and less myglobin than less fibers?

A

white fiber

148
Q

What is the brain’s total awareness?

A

muscle sense

Biology (8 decks)

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