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Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities?

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

Who was the Swedish naturalist who devised a simple, practical method of scientific classification?

A

Carolus Linaeus

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3
Q

Who was an English clergyman who devoted much time to natural studies and became well known for his work with plants?

A

John Ray

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4
Q

What is defined by John Ray as a group of individuals derived from similar parents and themselves capable of reproducing their kind?

A

speices

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5
Q

What is one of the main groups into which all organisms are derived in the Linnaean system of classification?

A

kingdom

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6
Q

What is one of the main groups into which a kingdom is derived?

A

phylum

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7
Q

What is the level of taxonomy between phylum and order?

A

class

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8
Q

What is the level of classification between class and family?

A

order

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9
Q

What is the level of classification between order and genus?

A

family

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10
Q

What is the level of classification between family and species?

A

genus

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11
Q

What is the lowest level of the seven main levels of the Linnaean classification system?

A

species

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12
Q

What is a group of similar organisms that are all descendants from a single group of originally created organisms and may refer to a species, genus, or family?

A

kind

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13
Q

What is a system of assigning scientific names to organisms by using two words for each scientific name?

A

binomial nomenclature

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14
Q

What are the two words used in binomial nomenclature?

A

the genus and the species

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15
Q

What are organisms that have membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-bound organelles?

A

eukaryotes

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16
Q

What are organisms which don’t have membrane-bound nuclei?

A

prokaryotes

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17
Q

What are the six kingdoms into which living things are commonly divided today?

A

(1) Plantae, (2) Fungi, (3) Animalia, (4) Protista, (5) Eubacteria, (6) Archaebacteria

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18
Q

Which of the common six kingdoms has green plants and are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and usually perform photosynthesis?

A

Plantae

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19
Q

Which of the common six kingdoms is all fungi, including yeast, molds, and mushrooms and are multicellular eukaryotes that have cells walls and do not conduct photosynthesis?

A

Fungi

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20
Q

Which of the common six kingdoms consist of multicellular animals and are eukaryotes without cell walls; usually can move and collect food?

A

Animalia

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21
Q

Which of the six common kingdoms are eukaryotes that are not green plants, fungi, or multicellular animals; most unicellular organisms, such as amoeba, euglena, and paramecium?

A

Protista

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22
Q

Which of the six common kingdoms is true bacteria including common disease-causing bacteria; prokaryote with cell walls made of the substance peptidoglycan?

A

Eubacteria

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23
Q

Which of the six common kingdoms contain prokaryotes that do not contain peptidoglycan in their cells and have other key differences from true bacteria; many live in extreme temperatures?

A

Archaebacteria

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24
Q

What is any of the three larger group into which kingdoms are placed?

A

domain

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25
Q

What is the supposed evolutionary relationship or organisms?

A

phylogeny

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26
Q

What depicts all forms of life coming from a single lifeform?

A

phylogenic tree

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27
Q

What is the supposed relationship that comes from comparing organisms’ geneitc information?

A

molecular phylogeny

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28
Q

What are any of the plants that have vascular tissue?

A

vascular plants

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29
Q

What type of vascular plants includes angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

seed plants

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30
Q

What type of vascular plants included ferns, mosses, and others?

A

nonseed plants

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31
Q

What are any of the plants that do not have vascular tissue?

A

nonvascular plants

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32
Q

What are plants that produce seeds but do not have vascular tissue?

A

gymnosperms

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33
Q

What type of gymnosperms are the ver familiar cone-bearing gymnosperms?

A

conifers

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34
Q

What word refers to the cones that are produced by these trees and shrubs?

A

conifer

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35
Q

What are the pollen-producing cones that are small and inconspicuous on a conifer?

A

staminate cones

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36
Q

What are the seed-producing cones on a conifer?

A

ovulate cones

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37
Q

What are conifers that have been found in the fossil record in the same strata as dinosaurs?

A

Wollemi pines

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38
Q

What type of gymnosperm resembles palm tree and only grow in certain tropical and subtropical regions?

A

cycads

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39
Q

What is an ornamental gymnosperm with two-lobed, fanshaped leaves?

A

ginko

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40
Q

What is a small phylum of gymnosperms with varied characteristics and has only three genera?

A

gnetophytes

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41
Q

What are nonflowering plants with spore-bearing leaves and horizontal underground stems?

A

ferns

42
Q

What are tiny, one-celled reproductive structures that can grown into distinct or independent organisms under the proper conditions?

A

spores

43
Q

What are small, brownish dots that are really groups of miniature spore cases?

A

sori

44
Q

What is the fern’s underground stem?

A

rhyzome

45
Q

What is the marvelous process of the life cycle of a fern involving both asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

alternation of generation

46
Q

What is the generation stage of a fern that is the asexual stage that produces spores?

A

sporophyte

47
Q

What is the generation stage of a fern that is the generation stage that is much smaller and is the sexual stage that produces gametes?

A

gametophyte

48
Q

What is the beginning of the gametophyte generation that produces special reporductive organs?

A

prothalus

49
Q

What are creeping vascular plants with erect stems that bear spores in club-shapes, cone-like structures and are not real mosses?

A

club mosses

50
Q

What is a typical club moss with horizontal stems that trial along the ground or grow just below the surface?

A

lycopodium

51
Q

What are vascular plants with unique, hollow, jointed stems and very small leaves present only at the joints?

A

horsetails

52
Q

What are nonvascular plants that lack xylem and phloem?

A

mosses

53
Q

What do botanists call mosses and liveroworts?

A

bryophytes

54
Q

What are the tiny, hair-like threads that grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals for mosses instead of roots?

A

rhizoids

55
Q

What is the gradual breakdown of minerals in rocks and the soil by means of mosses excreting chemicals?

A

chemical weathering

56
Q

What is a large, branching type of swamp-dwelling moss?

A

peat moss

57
Q

What is a composed accumulation of various, partially decayed plant materials that collect in swamps and marches over time?

A

peat

58
Q

What are nonvascular plants that often look like tiny leves and lack true leaves, roots, and stems?

A

liverworts

59
Q

What is the smallest of the green, chlorophyll-containing organisms and are the major producers of food in aquatic environments?

A

algae

60
Q

What is the largest group of algae?

A

green algae

61
Q

What is large group of freshwater green algae with two indentical sides?

A

desmids

62
Q

What are microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms?

A

plankton

63
Q

What are differently shaped groups that single-celled green algae clump together into?

A

colonies

64
Q

What is an example of unicellular algae that live in colonies of hundreds of thousands of individual cells and live in pale-green globular colonies?

A

volvox

65
Q

What are cells of filamentous algae that contain one or more ribbon-like chloroplasts arranged in a spiral?

A

spirogyra

66
Q

What is a special type of anchoring cell that grow attached to rocks and debris to anchor the cell?

A

holdfast

67
Q

What is the most abundant life from on earth except for bacteria that is the most interesting and numerous of the yellow algae?

A

diatoms

68
Q

What are layers formed under certain conditions that form when the shells of diatoms accumulate and become packed together?

A

diatomaceous earth

69
Q

What are mostly brown algae that include the kelps, rockweeds, and gulfweeds?

A

seaweed

70
Q

What is the largest of the brown algae that grow in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and may be over 60m long?

A

kelps

71
Q

What is a type of brown algae that are attached to rocks along the seashore by holdfasts and are designed to survive in the harsh conditions of a changing environment?

A

rockweeds

72
Q

What is a type of brown algae that have a main stem with flattened, leaf-like outgrowths and branches that contain airs sacs?

A

gulfweeds

73
Q

What is a gummy substance derived from kelp and can hold several different liquids together in an emulsion?

A

algin

74
Q

What is the algae that live in the sea like brown algae and vary in color from pink and red to purple and even black? What is a common example?

A

red algae; Irish moss

75
Q

What are microscopic, one-celles, aquatic organisms found in both salt and fresh water?

A

dinoflagellates

76
Q

What is the phenomenon that occurs when a certain dinoflagellate blooms producing great quantities of a high toxic nerve poison?

A

red tide

77
Q

What type of algae commonly clump together to form colonies but are prokaryotes and thus classified under bacteria in kingdom Eubacteria?

A

blue-green algae

78
Q

What is blue-green algae commonly called?

A

cyanobacteria

79
Q

What is a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria whose cells look like tiny beads or barrels?

A

anabaena

80
Q

What is the process in which plant nutrients enter an aquatic ecosystem?

A

eutrophication

81
Q

What are nonvascular, plant-like organisms that lack chrorophyll and depend upon other organisms for food?

A

fungi

82
Q

What are the thread-like structures or filaments that form the body of a fungus?

A

hyphae

83
Q

What is a microscopic, club-shaped, spore-producing structure of a culb fungus?

A

basidia

84
Q

What is the main body of a fungus formed by the body of the funus?

A

mycelium

85
Q

What are organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organisms?

A

saprophytes

86
Q

Who are scientists who study fungi?

A

mycologists

87
Q

What is a group of fungi that produce spores in club-shaped basidia?

A

club fungus

88
Q

What is a club fungus that consists of a mass of subterranean hyphae and, at reproduction, produces an umbrella shaped fruiting body?

A

mushroom

89
Q

What is an umbrella-shaped, spore-forming structure that grows quickly and contains many gills that radiate from the stalk like spokes on a wheel?

A

fruiting body

90
Q

What are in the same group of club fungi and are often found growing on tress or rotting logs?

A

shelf fungi

91
Q

What is an organism that live on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism?

A

parasite

92
Q

What is a parasitic club fungus that is named for the rusty-colored spores that hey leave on their hosts?

A

rusts

93
Q

What type of parasites must have two hosts to complete their life cycle?

A

heteroecius parasites

94
Q

What is a parasitic club fungus that produce masses of black spores on their hosts?

A

smuts

95
Q

What is a mold that is allowed to grow on cheeses as the chesses age?

A

cheese molds

96
Q

What are fungi with sac-like, spore-producing structures?

A

sac fungi

97
Q

What is a well-known sac fungus that is a small, colorless, single-celled organism that feed on foods containing sugar, converting the sugar in alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process?

A

yeast

98
Q

What is an extension of a cell that branches off and forms a new cell?

A

bud

99
Q

What are the jelly-like organisms often seeen of the bark of fallen trees?

A

slime molds

100
Q

What is a single unit formed by a fungus and an alga living in close relationship?

A

lichen

101
Q

What is a partnership between two organisms that benefits both?

A

symbiosis

Biology (8 decks)

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