Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the principal parts of a green plant?
the leaves, the stems, and the roots
What part of the plant manufacture most of the plant’s food?
the leaves
What part of the plant support the leaves?
the stem
What part of the plant are designed to absorb necessary nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant to the soil?
roots
What are the parts of the stem that allow is to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves?
bud
What covers each bud and protect the bud in winter?
bud scales
What type of bud allows the stem to grow in length?
terminal bud
What reveal where leaves were attached to the stem in previous years?
leaf scars
What type of buds grow in the space formed between the lead petiole and the stem and allow growth of new stems from the sides of the main stem?
lateral buds
What are rings that circle the stem and indicate where last year’s growth started?
bud-scale scars
What is the section of the twig between nodes?
internode
What are opening that allow air to enter the stem?
lenticels
What are areas where leaves are growing or have grown?
nodes
What type of growth is growht in lenght?
primary growth
What type of growth is growth in width?
secondary growth
What type of branching is characterized by trees with strong terminal buds on the main vertical stem that grow tall and straight with branches coming from a large central shaft?
spire-like branching
What are the three areas of a woody dicot stem?
the bark, the wood, and the pith
What type of branching is characterized by several main branches that are usually rather close to the ground?
spreading branching
What is the wood that carries water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves?
xylem
What is the innermost layer of the bark that carries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots?
phloem
What is the outer section of a woody stem that transport food throughout the plant?
bark
What is a layer of meristematic tissue that is responsible for the secondary growth of woody stems?
vascular cambium
What is the soft tissue at the center of young stems?
pith
What stiffens thick cellulose walls?
lignin
What is the strong, resilient, inner section of a woody stem that provides strength and support for the stem and helps transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves?
wood
What is the outermost layer of the bark?
epidermis
What is a simple system of warter-conducting cells?
tracheid
What replaces the epidermis of the bark as the tree grows older?
cork
What are the cells that lie between the bark and the wood that produces new phloem cells?
vascular cambium
What is the younger, functioning xylem that is usually lighter in color?
sapwood
What is the older inner wood that is useful only as support for the stem and is usually a darker color than the rest of the wood?
heartwood
What type of cells are packed loosely together and function mostly as water storage cells?
pith cells
What are the light and dark streaks in wood that are formed by differences in the size of springwood and summerwood vessels?
grain
What is the center of a woody stem in a young plant?
pith
What is a type of xylem tube that are longer than a tracheid?
vessels
What type of wood in annual growth rings is light in color because xylem vessels are large to conduct the large amount of water necessary for spring growth?
springwood
What are distinct layers of xylem that are a result of periods of faster and slower growth?
annual growth rings
What type of wood found in annual growth rings is darker in color because the xylem vessels are smaller?
summerwood