Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the principal parts of a green plant?
the leaves, the stems, and the roots
What part of the plant manufacture most of the plant’s food?
the leaves
What part of the plant support the leaves?
the stem
What part of the plant are designed to absorb necessary nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant to the soil?
roots
What are the parts of the stem that allow is to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves?
bud
What covers each bud and protect the bud in winter?
bud scales
What type of bud allows the stem to grow in length?
terminal bud
What reveal where leaves were attached to the stem in previous years?
leaf scars
What type of buds grow in the space formed between the lead petiole and the stem and allow growth of new stems from the sides of the main stem?
lateral buds
What are rings that circle the stem and indicate where last year’s growth started?
bud-scale scars
What is the section of the twig between nodes?
internode
What are opening that allow air to enter the stem?
lenticels
What are areas where leaves are growing or have grown?
nodes
What type of growth is growht in lenght?
primary growth
What type of growth is growth in width?
secondary growth
What type of branching is characterized by trees with strong terminal buds on the main vertical stem that grow tall and straight with branches coming from a large central shaft?
spire-like branching
What are the three areas of a woody dicot stem?
the bark, the wood, and the pith
What type of branching is characterized by several main branches that are usually rather close to the ground?
spreading branching
What is the wood that carries water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves?
xylem
What is the innermost layer of the bark that carries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots?
phloem
What is the outer section of a woody stem that transport food throughout the plant?
bark
What is a layer of meristematic tissue that is responsible for the secondary growth of woody stems?
vascular cambium
What is the soft tissue at the center of young stems?
pith
What stiffens thick cellulose walls?
lignin
What is the strong, resilient, inner section of a woody stem that provides strength and support for the stem and helps transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves?
wood
What is the outermost layer of the bark?
epidermis
What is a simple system of warter-conducting cells?
tracheid
What replaces the epidermis of the bark as the tree grows older?
cork
What are the cells that lie between the bark and the wood that produces new phloem cells?
vascular cambium
What is the younger, functioning xylem that is usually lighter in color?
sapwood
What is the older inner wood that is useful only as support for the stem and is usually a darker color than the rest of the wood?
heartwood
What type of cells are packed loosely together and function mostly as water storage cells?
pith cells
What are the light and dark streaks in wood that are formed by differences in the size of springwood and summerwood vessels?
grain
What is the center of a woody stem in a young plant?
pith
What is a type of xylem tube that are longer than a tracheid?
vessels
What type of wood in annual growth rings is light in color because xylem vessels are large to conduct the large amount of water necessary for spring growth?
springwood
What are distinct layers of xylem that are a result of periods of faster and slower growth?
annual growth rings
What type of wood found in annual growth rings is darker in color because the xylem vessels are smaller?
summerwood
How are herbaceous stems different from woody stems?
they have soft tissues; they generally live for only one growing season; they do not experience secondary growth; and they are typically smaller than wood plants
What are bundles of xylem and phloem cells found in herbaceous stems?
vascular bundles
What is the center of the stem in a herbaceous plant?
pith
What vascular cells in a herbaceous stem that are found toward the center of the stem?
xylem
What are the vascular cells in a herbaceous stem that are found toward the outside of the stem?
phloem
What is the tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded?
cortex
What is the outer layer or a herbaceous stem that protects the delicate tissues?
epidermis
How are the vascular bundles arranged in herbaceous dicots? Herbaceous monocots?
in rings; scattered throughout the stem
What is the outer covering of a monocot stem?
rind
What is located in the rind and makes it hard and strong to support the plant?
silica
What is it called when a new plant starts to grow from a stem, leaf, or root?
vegetative reproduction
What type of reproduction occurs when some part other than the seed grown into a new plant?
asexual reproduction
What is the process of deliberately using vegetative reproduction to start a new plant?
vegetative propagation
What is a piece of stem or root that can grow into a new plant?
cutting
What are two advantages of using cuttings?
it is certain that the new plant will be identical to the plant from which the cutting was taken, and they save much more time compared to the time it would take to grow that plant from a seed
What are roots that grow from an unexpected region of a plant, such as from a stem or leaf?
adventitious roots
What is the method of vegetative propagation that involves causing an existing plant to generate adventitious roots at a node?
layering
What is the process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another?
grafting
When grafting, what is the tree that receives the new stem?
stock
What is a kind of grafting in which the scion is a bud?
budding
What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward chemicals?
chemotropism
When grafting, what is the branch which is going to be grafted onto a stem growing on another tree?
scion
What type of tropism occurs when a plant responds to gravity?
geotropism
What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows towar light?
phototropism
What is the simplest response to a stimulus that occurs when an organism either turns toward or away from a stimulus?
toropism
What is the first plant hormone to be discovered that causes the stem or shoot of the plant to grow faster on one side than the other?
auxins
What are chemical messengers that regulate many aspects of plant growth?
hormones
What is the plant hormone that stimulates lateral buds to grow into new shoots?
cytokins
What is the plant hormon that triggers germinatin?
gibberellins
What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward water?
hydrotropism
What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward touch?
thigmatropism
What is the plant hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant?
abscisic acid
What is the plant hormone that signals leaf abscission?
ethylene
What allows seedlings to be produced from individual plant cells grown in the laboratory?
tissue culturing
What is a special stem and leaves designed to store food?
bulb
What is a swollen stem that stores food underground and has a thinker stem and thinner leaves than a bulb?
corms
What is a thick stem that grows horizontally underground to provide food storage and cause vegetative reproduction?
rhizome
What are special stems that grow quickly along the surface of the ground?
stolons
What are special stems that have a habit of climbing?
tendrils
What is a bud-containing special stem that grows underground and stores food?
tuber
What are long, sharp special stems that provide protection to a plant?
thorns
What is the root system in which the primary root grown straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it penetrating the soil with relatively little branching?
taproot system
What type of root system has no main section but spreads out with very thin roots, forming a tangled mess in shallow soil?
fibrous root system
What is a protective layer that covers the outer part of a root?
epidermis
What are finger-like projections of epidermal cells that increase the water-absorbing surface area of a plant root?
root hairs
What is the root’s food-storage region inside the epidermis?
root cortex
What is surrounded by the root cortex and contains xylem and phloem tissues?
central vascular cylinder
What is responsible for forming the epidermis, cortex, and the vascular cylinder?
apical meristem
What is the region that causes cells to increase in length?
region of elongation
What is the region closest to the end where cell division takes place?
merestimatic region
What is the region in which cells organize in the vascular cylinder?
matuation region
What is at the tip of a root and provides a covering for the delicate young root?
root cap
What are roots that originate from the primary root and have the same structural characteristics?
lateral roots
What is the process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion?
diffusion
What is a thin covering of a cell?
membrane
What is one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane?
osmosis
What is the upward flow of absorbed minerals though the xylem tubes?
sap stream
What is the upward movement of liquids through a very narrow tube?
capillarity
What is the chief force that draws water up the stem?
transpiration pull
