Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm that produces the seeds and fruits of a plant?
flower
What is the primary function of the flowers on a plant?
to produces seeds for reproduction
What is the special stem on which a flower forms that is alos known as the flower stalk?
pedicel
What are the sepals alos known as?
calyx
What is the lead-like structures that are attached to the edge of the receptible?
sepals
What is the enlarges end of a pedicel that is designed to hold the developing seeds?
recepticle
What are the male reporductive cells that are found in pollen?
sperm cells
What are the petals also called?
corolla
What are the organs within the corolla that produce pollen?
stamens
What is are the most conspicuous part of a flower?
petals
What are the future seed that contain the female reproductive cells in the ovary?
ovules
What are female reproductive cells in a plant callled?
egg cells
What does the pistil consist of?
the stigma, the style, and the ovary
What is the elongated, vase-shaped structure of a flower that is the central structure in a flower?
pistil
What is the swollen base of the pistil in a flower called?
ovary
What is a flower known as when it has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils?
complete flower
What is a flower known as if it lacks one or more of the four basic flower parts?
incomplete flower
What are special leaves on a flower that appear to be petals, but are not?
bracts
What are flowers that lack pistils and bear only stamens; male flowers?
staminate flowers
What are flowers that lack stamens and bear only pistils; female flowers?
pistillate flowers
What is any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produces in the same plant?
monoecious
What are plants that produce staminate and pistillate flowers, just as monoecious plants do, but are borne by separate plants?
diecious
What are flowers known as when they are together in clusters?
inflorescences
What sis the chief factor in controlling flowering in most plants?
the length of daylight and night
Who are agricultural technicians who specialize in growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, and shrubs?
horticulturists
What type of symmetry is characterized by similar halves that can be produced by the cutting of the flower across the middle in several directions?
radial symmetry
What type of symmetry is characterized by similar halves being produced only if the flower is cut lengthwise?
bilateral symmetry
What is a fully ripened ovary that functions as the seed-bearing structures of flowering plants?
fruit
What is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a pistil?
pollination
What is the type of pollination that occurs within the same flower?
self-pollination
What type of pollination that occurs when the pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to the stigma of a flower of another plant?
cross-pollination
What is an organism that results from a cross between two different species of the same kind of plant?
hybrid
What is the sweet tasting, watery liquid that is produced by plants?
nectar
What is the process in which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new organism?
fertilization
What are reproductive cells collectively known as?
gametes
What is the reproduction in which the sperm and egg unite?
sexual reproduction
What begins to form from the stigma when the pollen grain travels down through the style of the pistil and into the ovary?
pollen tube
What is the cell that is formed when one of the sperm cells unites with the egg cell?
embryo
What is a nutritional tissue that surrounds the fertilized egg and provided nourishment to the growing embryo after the other sperm cell fuses with the polar nuclei?
endosperm
What are chemicals that are produced in plants to control or stimulate specific messages?
hormones
What is the process of the ovary growing larger and developing into a fruit?
ripening
What is the layer that forms in the stalk of a fruit and begins to cut the fruit from the stem?
abscission layer
What are fruits that form from one flower that has only one pistil?
simple fruit
What are fruits that form from one flower that has several pistils?
aggregate fruit
What are fruits that form from multiple flowers?
multiple fruit
What are simple fruits in which the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout?
berries
What are some examples of berries?
tomatoes, grapes, and cucumbers
What are simple fruits that are fleshy and juicy, but not throughout the entire fruit; have an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer?
drupes
What are some examples of drupes?
peaches, cherries, and plums
What are simple fruits with an outer fleshy layer and an inner papery core?
pomes
What are some examples of pomes?
apples and pears
What are simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds and are not fleshy and juicy?
legumes
What are some examples of legumes?
peanuts, peas, and beans
What are simple fruits that consist of small dry seeds with one or more wing-like structures attached to them?
samara
What are some examples of samaras?
maples, ashes, and elms
What are simple dry fruits that consist of a seed enclosed in a hard covering or shell?
nuts
What are some examples of nuts?
chestnuts, hickory nuts, and acorns
What are simple fruits consisting of a seed and a shell?
achenes
What are some examples of achenes?
members of the composite family
What are the fruits of the grass family called?
grains
What are edible grains?
cereal grains
What are some examples of edible grains?
barley, corn, rice, and oats
What is the category of simple fruits are berries, drupes, and pomes?
simple fleshy fruits
What is the category of simple fruits are legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes?
simple dry fruits
What are some examples of aggregate fruits?
strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
What are some examples of multiple fruits?
pineapple and fig
What is the primary function of fruits?
to scatte seeds
What means able to germinate?
viable
What type of seed dispersal in which an outside agent carries the seeds?
agent dispersal
What are four main agents of agent dispersal?
man, animals, wind, water
What type of seed dispersal occurs in which fruits scatter their seeds by bursting open when they are ripe and catapult the seeds to a new location?
mechanical dispersal
What is the result of the processes of flowers and fruit fromation?
seeds
What are the three main parts of a seed?
embryo, endosperm, seed coat
What is the living part within a seed that develops into the stem and leaves of a plant?
embryo
What is the part of a seed that will develop into the root system of a plant?
radicle
What is the part of a seed that contains stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting?
cotyledons
How many cotyledons do dicots have? Monocots?
two; one
What marks where the seed was attached to the ovary wall during its development?
hilum
What is the sprouting of a seed?
germination
What is a period of inactivity which helps prevent seeds from sprouting when conditions are unfavorable for the growth of young plants?
dormancy
What is the first stage in the germination process?
absorb water, which leads to the softening of the seed coat and enlargements of the tissues of the embryo
What is the second stage of germination?
the oxygen obtained from the splitting of the seed coat allow the root system to anchor the plant and the shoot system to begin growing
What do seeds require for growth?
water, oxygen, favorable temperatures, and soil
What is a special group of enzymes that convert the starch to sugar, which the embryonic cells absorb?
amylases
