Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the built-in-maintence of a stable environment in the body?
homeostasis
What body system functions as a mean of communication between your body and the outside world?
integumentary system
What body system rids the body of metabolic wastes?
excretory system
What body system allows for the continued existence of human life?
reproductive system
What is the system of the body designed specifically for homeostasis?
integumentary system
What is the largest and most visible organ of the body?
skin
What is the part of the skin that is exposed to the environement?
epidermis
What are the flattened, dead, outermost cells of the epidermis?
squamous epithelial cells
What are living cells in the epidermis that repidly reproduce?
germinative cells
What is a buildup of epidermal cells?
callus
What is a condition that results when the immune system attacks the epidermal cells?
psoriasis
What is the tough, water-proof protein fiber that is manufactured in the cytoplasm, strengthening and hardening the cell?
keratin
What is a pigment that is responsible for skin color?
melanin
What is the pigment that gives the skin an olive tint?
carotenoids
What is the pigment that gives the skin a reddish or pinkish tint?
hemoglobin
What is the characteristic of being unable to produce melanin?
albinism
What is the most complex layer of the skin?
dermis
What are the two protein fibers in the dermis that give it the ability to stretch and its elasticity?
elastin and collagen
What is the fatty layer of the loose connective tissue that binds the skin to the underlying organs?
subcutaneous layer
What is a natural process that protects the body from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun?
tanning
What is a serious problem for sunbathers where the cells reproduce more rapidly than normal?
skin cancer
What are the two most common types of skin cancer?
basal-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma
What is another important characteristic of the skin that aids homeostasis?
hair
What part of the hair is a tube lying vertically in the dermis designed to manufacture hair?
hair follicle
What part of the hair is built from epidermal cells that fully keratinize?
hair shaft
What is the smooth muscle cells that the hair follicle is the attachement for?
arrector pili
What is the hardening process that epidermal cells undergo when moving from the lower epidermis to the upper epidermis?
keratinization
What are the epidermal cells called once they undergo keratinization?
keratinocytes
What are the specialized cells responsible for the production of melanin?
melanocytes
What is a painful inflammation of the skin resulting from toxic substances released by dead or damaged skin cells?
sunburn
What are oil glands in the skin that are associated with each hair follicle?
sebaceous glands
What is the oil that waterproofs the skin and keeps it soft and flexible?
sebum
What is a clog in a hair follicle caused by an excess of sebum?
blackheads
What help remove nitrogenous wastes and mineral salts from the blood and help regulate body temperature?
sweat glands
What are openings in the skin connected to the sweat glands by sweat ducts?
pores
What signals the sweat glands to begin producing perspiration when the body temperature rises above normal?
hypothalamus
What occurs when the skin is removed damaging the layers of the skin?
burn
What type of burn damages the epidermis and dermis, leaving the body without its organ of hoemestasis?
third-degree burn
What two things are a victim of a third-degree burn susceptible to?
circulatory shock and infection
What type of burn damages the top of the dermis?
second-degree burn
What type of burn damages only the top of the epidermis?
first-degree burn
What is the removal of waste substances through the body?
excretion
What is a major part of the excretory system that excretes urine?
urinary system
What is liquid waste?
urine
What are the most important excretory organs whose primary function is to cleanse the blood of wastes and remove those wastes?
kidneys
What are the tubes that urine passes through to get to the bladder?
ureters
What stores the urine until is it discharges to the outside?
urinary bladder
What is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
urethra
What is the microscopic network of blood vessels and renal tubules that forms the working unit of the kidney?
nephrons
What is a sieve-like structure that consists of a cluster of capillaries with perforated walls?
glomerulus
What surrounds the glomerulus and collects the water and dissolves substances that escape the blood through the holes?
Bowman’s capsule
What is a long, thin tube that is surrounded by hundreds of blood capillaries through which fluid in the Bowman’s capsule flows through?
renal tube
What is the return of glucose, hormones, and other useful substances from the fluid in the renal tube to the blood?
reabsorption
What is the small amount of water remaining in the renal tubule once reabsorption occurrs?
urine
What is an enzyme released by the kidneys if the blood pressure drops too low, acting on the circulatory system to increase blood pressure?
renin
What is the hormone that regulates water reabsorption?
ADH
What does ADH stand for?
antidiuretic hormone
What is the substance that depresses the ADH production of the hypothalamus, resulting in too much urine output?
alcohol
What stimulated ADH production and helps the kidneys concentrate urine?
nicotine
What are crystallized urine in the kidneys that sometimes grows to the size of a pea?
kidney stone
What is a condition when uric acid is not filtered out properly by the kidneys?
gout
What is the infection of the urethra and possibly the bladder?
urinary tract infection
What is the process os separating molecules of different sizes using a membrane that an artificial kidney uses?
dialysis
What allows efficient control of the entrie body over longer periods?
endocrine system
What would require continual impulses in many nerves if the endocrine system did not maintain homeostasis?
controlling homeostasis through the nervous system
What are the glands in the endocrine system that manufacture and secrete their products into the blood?
endocrine glands
What are the glands in the endocrine system that manufacture and secrete their products to the outside of the body?
exocrine glands
What are the “stimulators” of the endocrine system that are the messengers produced by the endocrine glands?
hormones
What ar proteins that bind specifically to one kind of hormone?
receptors
What is the endocrine gland located just above the nasal cavity which produces hormones that regulate growth and trigger the development and function of other glands?
pituitary gland
What regulated many autonomic body activities?
hypothalamus
What is the growth hormone that regulates skeletal growth?
sometotropin
What is the result of too much somototropin?
pituitary gigantism
What is the result of too little somatotropin?
pituitary dwarfism
What is a condition in which the bones of the head, hands, and feet become enlarged?
acromegaly
What is the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects the development of the reproductive organs and influence the secretions of the mature reproductive organs?
gonadotropins
What is the gland located in the neck that regulates the reate of chemical activity in the body’s cells?
thyroid gland
What is the hormone that regulates general activities related to metabolism and oxidation?
thyroxin
What determines the rate at which food is changes into energy?
thyroid gland
What are the glands that are located behind the thyroid and regulates calcium in the blood?
parathyroid glands
What increases the storage of calcium in the bone tissue?
calcintonin
What stimulated the bone tissue to give up calcium to the blood?
parathyroid hormones
What is the condition when the heart rate is reduced and sometimes the heart becomes enlarged?
hypothyroidism
What is a swelling in the neck?
goiter
What are clumps of endocrine glands that produce the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon?
islets of Langerhans
What is the hormone that signals the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen?
insulin
What is the hormone that increases the level of blood sugar?
glucagon
What means low blood sugar?
hypoglycemia
What results when the pancreas does not produce adequate amounts of insulin or the body does not respond properly to the insulin that is produced?
diabetes mellitus
What type of diabetes is it when the pancreas does not produce adequate amounts of insulin?
type 1 diabetes
What type of diabetes is it when the body does not respond properly to the insulin that is produced?
type 2 diabetes
Which type of diabetes usually requires insulin injections?
type 1 diabetes
What are the endocrine glands, located on top of the kidneys, that produce epinephrine and steroid hormones?
adrenal glands
What is the hormone that prepares the boys to respond to emergency situations during times of excitement or alarm?
epinephrine
What is epinephrine also called?
adrenalin
What is any of the a group of special lipid molecules that includes the hormones secreted by the outer shell of the adrenal glands?
steroids
What is the steroid that stimulates the body to repair itself following an injury or stress?
cortisol
What is a disease caused by a shortage of cortisol that is characterized by the skin turning brown and the muscles becoming weak?
Addison’s disease
What is the steroid hormone that stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium?
aldosterone
What is the endocrine gland, located between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, that regulates the body’s sleeping and waking cycles?
pineal gland
What is the pineal hormone that triggers sleepiness?
melatonin
What is the form of reproduction in which the genetic material is contributed by two parents through the union of sperm and egg cells?
sexual reproduction
What are reproductive cells?
gametes
What is the process in which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cells to form a new organism?
fertilization
What is the system designed to carry out the essential fertilization process?
reproductive system
What are the main reproductive organs that produce the gametes?
gonads
What is the process through gametes are produced?
meiosis
What is the time of physical transition from child to adult?
adolescence
What is the stage in which the reproductive organs mature and the person becomes physically able to reproduce?
puberty
What are physical changes that occur during adolescence?
secondary sex changes
What are male gonads?
testes
What is a small pouch outside the body cavities where the testes are stored?
scrotum
What is the main hormone produced by the testes that triggers special cells in the seminiferous tubules to continually divide and undergo meiosis?
testosterone
What are the two ducts that transfer sperm from the epididymides to the urethra?
vasa deferentia
Where do the sperm cells mature and are stored?
epididymis
What are the secretions containing nutrients and other factors the sperm need to survive until fertilization?
semen
What is the place where semen leaves the body?
urethra
What are the females gonads?
ovaries
What is the process when the egg cell is released from the follicle?
ovulation
What are the structures that connect the ovaries to the uterus?
fallopian tubes
What are the primary female reproductive hormones?
estrogens
What is a hallow muscular organ in the lower abdomen?
uterus
What is the primary purpose of the uterus?
to provide a place for an unborn child to develop
What is the process that occurs when the uterus sheds its lining?
menstruation
What is the moment of fertilization when the new life begins to develop with unique, physical characteristics according the genetic blueprint from the sperm and egg?
conception
What is the 30-to-40 week period from conception to birth that is divided into three trimesters of approximately three months each?
gestation
What is the unborn child considered to be during the first eight weeks after conception?
embryo
What is the unborn child considered to be from the ninth week of development until birth?
fetus
Where does the development of a child begin?
in his mother’s fallopian tubes
What is the fertilized egg that repeatedly divides to form a hallow ball of cells?
zygote
What is the hollow ball of cells that is formed by the zygote that attaches to the uterine wall?
blastocyst
What is the process of the blastocyst attaching to the uterine wall?
implantation
What is the membranous sac that protects an unborn child as he develops?
amniotic sac
What is the fluid that protects an unborn child from shocks?
amniotic fluid
What are the three distinct layers of cells that the blastocyst forms into collectively known as?
primary germ layers
Which of the primary germ layers develops into the nervous system, sensory organs, and epidermis?
ectoderm
Which of the primary germ layers develops into many internal organs, including muscle, bone, blood, lymph vessels, reproductive organs, and dermis?
mesoderm
Which of the primary germ layers develops into the digestive organs, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra?
endoderm
What is the sac of blood vessels that connects a mother to an unborn child?
placenta
Why is the placenta unqiue?
because it is a single organ that develops from the tissues of two different people
What is the membrane produced by the child and the wall of the mother’s uterus?
chorion
What connects the placenta to the baby?
umbilical cord
What carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the baby?
umbilical veins
What carry wastes from the baby to the placenta?
umbilical arteries
What is the process of birth?
labor
What is the opening of the uterus?
cervix
What is the scar formed where the umbilical cord was attached to a person during prenatal development?
umbilicus
What is sexual activity before marriage?
fornication
What is sexual activity outside of marriage by a married person?
adultery
