Chapter 12 Flashcards
What is any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body?
disease
What is a microscopic organism?
microbe
What is any organism that causes disease?
pathogens
What type of diseases is caused by invading pathogens?
infectious
What type of diseases is caused by other factors besides invading pathogens such as aging, hormones, genetics, or nutrition?
noninfectious
What type of diseases are severe by last only a short time?
acute
What type of diseases are long lasting or recurring?
chronic
Why is a major emphasis of medical science today on diseases that affect the adult population?
because most of the diseases that once concerned society have been conquered
What are diseases in which tissues and organs gradually lose their ability to function properly?
degenerative diseases
What are diseases that are caused by malfunctions of the immune system?
immunological diseases
What are the most common immunological diseases which occur when the immune system overreacts to foregin substances?
allergies
What is a type of allergy in which the bronchial tubes constrict tightly when an irritating substance is inhaled?
asthma
What type of diseases result when the immune system attacks the body it is supposed to protect?
autoimmune diseases
What is one well-known autoimmune disease in which the cells of the immune system attack the lining of the joints?
rheumtoid arthritis
What are diseases that occur during development in the mother’s womb and are present at birth?
congenital diseases
What are diseases that result from inherited genetics of characteristics?
genetic diseases
What are diseases taht occur because of malfunctions of the endocrine system?
hormonal diseases
What is the most common hormonal disease that results in the hormone mechanisms that regulate blood glucose?
diabetes mellitus
What is the disease in which the adrenal glands cease of produce sufficient hormones?
Addison’s disease
What is the disease that is cause by inadequate secretion of the hormone by the thyroid gland in newborn babies?
cretinism
What are diseases caused by an improper diet?
nutritional diseases
What is a disease that results from a diet low in vitamins, minerals, or certain nutriets?
deficiency disease
Where are deficiency diseases the most common nutritional diseases most prevalent?
in underdeveloped countries
Where are nutritional diseases caused by an excess of nutrients most prevalent?
developed countries
What is a condition that results from the runaway growth of the body’s own cells?
cancer
What is a mass of rapidly reproducing cells?
tumor
What describes a tumor that is not cancerous?
benign
What is it referred to as when the rapidly diving cells of a benign tumor undergoes additional malfunctions that allow them to leave the tumor and spread through the body?
malignant
What is a malignant tumor considered to be?
cancerous
How does a tumor form?
your body’s cells malfunction and begin reproducing at an uncontrolled rate;
What do scientists believe are the four main causes of cancer?
(1) hereditary defects
(2) nutrition
(3) smoking or drug abuse
(4) viruses
What are cancers that develop from mutated epithelial cells?
carcinomas
What are cancers that develop from mutated connective tissue cells?
sarcomas
What are cancers that develop from mutated lymphocytes or from lymphatic tissue?
lymphomas
What are cancers that develop from other blood cells?
leukemias
What type of cancer is cancer of the melanocytes of the skin?
melanoma
What are two ways to treat cancer?
tumor being removed surgically and drugs being taken to trigger the affected cells to self-destruct
What is one of the most important factors is treating cancer?
to treat cancer early, before is has spread
What is a substance that is though to be capable of causing cancer?
carcinogen
What is one of the most common and most deadly cancers?
lung cancer
What is a test in which a group of special tumor-prone laboratory rats are fed extraordinary doses of the chemical being tested to determine whether or not a substance might be a carcinogen?
high-dose rodent tests
What is a test that involves applying small amount of the chemical to a bacterial culture and testing the cell of genetic mutations?
Ames test
What means causing mutations?
mutagenic
What are three main ways to significantly reduced your risk of cancer?
(1) avoid smoking
(2) eat a healthy, balanced diet
(3) regular exercise
What is the most common form of disease?
infectious diseases caused by pathogens
What are diseases in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person?
communicable diseases
What are diseases caused by microorganism that are not transferred from one person to another?
noncommunicable diseases
What are diseases caused by bacteria?
bacterial diseases
What are diseases caused by viruses?
viral diseases
What are diseases caused by protozoa?
protozoal diseases
What are diseases caused by fungi?
mycotic diseases
What are diseases caused by roundworms, tapeworms, or flukes?
helminthic diseases
What are microscopic, unicellular creatures that are some of the most widespread organisms in all of God’s creation?
bacteria
What are organisms that have cells with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles?
eukaryotes
What are organisms that, instead of having a nucleus, have genetic material clumped together?
prokaryotes
What is a dense region of the cell in prokaryotes?
nucleoid
What are small DNA circles that can be exchanges among bacteria?
plasmids
What protect the bacteria from drying out and help shield them from attack by viruses?
capsules
What means capable of motion?
motile
What are whip-like structures that move motile bacteria?
flagella
What are spherical bacteria that usually grow in clusters or chains?
cocci
What are rod-shaped bacteria?
bacilli
What are spiral-shaped bacteria?
spirilla
What describes organisms that are able to make their own food?
autotrophic
What describes organisms that are unable to make their own food?
heterotrophic
What is the asexual method of reproduction in which a unicellular organism splits into two cells?
binary fission
What is any of a group of small bacteria that reproduces only inside other living cells?
rickettsiae
How may bacteria protect themselves when unfavorable conditions occur?
they become dormant
What is a thick, protective internal capsule that a bacterium forms to protect its nucleoid and other key machinery during unfavorable conditions?
endospore
What type of bacteria live where air is present and obtains oxygen fromt the air?
aerobic bacteria
What type of bacteria live in the absence of oxygen?
anaerobic bacteria
Who was the famous French scientist who developed the germ concept of diseases, developed a vaccine for rabies, and demonstrated that not even the simplest organisms can develop from nonliving matter?
Louis Pasteur
Who was the German physician who developed techniques used to study bacteria safely and formulated guidelines for determining if a particular bacterium is the cause of a specific disease?
Robert Koch
What is a scientist who studies bacteria?
bacteriologist
What is the set of guidelines developed by Robert Koch for determining if a particular bacteriu is the cause of a particula disease?
Koch’s postulates
What is the simplest way bacteria harm the cells of the infected infividual?
stealing the cell’s nutrients
What is a pathogen that is a molecule of genetic material enclosed in a geometric protein capsid?
virus
What is a substance that develops an acquired immunity to a disease?
vaccine
How are new viruses manufactured?
by infected cells
What is the cell structure that performs translation to manufacture proteins based on mRNA “blueprints” from the nucleus?
ribosome
Who are scientists who study viruses?
virologists
What are single-celled organisms that are responsible for several well-lnown diseases common in tropical regions?
protozo
What two skin conditions are caused by fungi?
Athlete’s foot and ringworm
What is a very common protozoal disease in tropical regions?
malaria
What is a fungal infection of the mouth that sometimes affects infants?
thrush
What is the result of a fungal infection of the scalp?
dandruff
What type of infection is carried by droplets, such as those discharged during a sneeze or cough?
droplet infection
Who is a person who displays no symptoms of infectious diseases but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others?
carrier
What is an animal that transmits infection?
vector
What type of diseases are caused by sexual relations?
sexually transmitted diseases
What is another name for sexually transmitted diseases?
venereal
What is the state of having pathogens presente and growing in the body?
infection
What occus when a disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population?
epidemic
What is the period of pathogen development in which a person has an infection but does not show signs of symptoms of disease?
incubation period
What occurs when an epidemis affects a large population of the earth?
pandemic
What is a substance that stimulated your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease?
vaccine
Who was the Hungarian doctor who was the first physician to realize that handwashing prevented the spread of disease among patients in hospitals?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What is a method of disease prevention is mentioned in the Scriptures?
avoiding unncessary contact
What is one of the simplest ways to reduces the spread of many diseases?
frequent handwashing
How can diseases spread by contaminated objects or substances be prevented?
by avoiding contamination or by disinfecting the transmitted objects
What occurs when a disease will not infect enough new victim to sustain itself?
herd immunity
Who was the British doctor who established the use of antiseptics?
Joseph Lister
What is the idea that every infectious disease is caused by a specific pathogen?
germ concept of disease
What is the most important part of the immune system?
white blood cells
What is a complex of fluid-filled vessels and chambers that helps transport white blood cells through the body and aids the cleansing of internal body fluids of pathogens?
lymphatic system
What do the work of protecting your body against invaders?
white blood cells
What is the technical name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
What type of white blood cells roam through your tissues and body cavities, engulfing and disposing of any bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris they encounter?
phagocytes
What are chemical signals through which white blood cells communicate?
cytokins
What is a chemical messenger which limits the spread of viruses?
histamine
What is a chemical messenger which limits the spread of viruses?
interferon
What type of white blood cell produces one of the most important weapons that your immune system uses to fight pathogens?
lymphocytes
What are T-shaped protein molecules that bind to pathogen antigens to inactivate pathogens and mark them for destruction?
antibodies
What type of defenses are antibodies and lymphocytes?
special defenses
What type of defenses are those such as the action of phagocytes and the effects of histamine?
nonspecific defenses
What is the fluid that originates in blood plasma and surround the body’s cells?
tissue fluid
What is the portion of the immune system that is a drainage and sanitation system for tissue fluid?
lymphatic system
What are the vessels that drains tissue fluid from the body’s tissues?
lymph vessels
What is the name for tissue fluid that has entered the lymph vessels?
lymph
What are the two large ducts that empty lymph rom the lymph vessels into the subclavian veins?
lymph ducts
What are special enlargements of lymphatic tissue that filters tissue fluid?
lymph nodes
What serves as bases and staging areas for white blood cells?
lymph nodes
What are accumulations of lymph nodes in the throat that protect the entrance to the body?
tonsils and adenoids
What is the infection of the tonsils?
tonsilitis
What are lymph node groups located in the intestinal wall of the ileum?
Peyer’s patches
What is the lower part of the small intestine?
ileum
What is the body’s largest lymph organ?
spleen
Where are immature T cells matured and “trained” after being produced in the bone marrow?
thymus
What is the oil produces by the sebaceous glands that contain substances which hinder the growth of many pathogenic bacteria?
sebum
What is a sticky coating that lines the nose and mouth?
mucus
What secretes mucus?
mucuos membrane
What are small extensions of the mucous membrane that sweep pathogens caught in the mucus to the throat where they can be expelled or destroyed?
cilia
What are enzymes that kill bacteria be destroying their cell walls?
lysozymes
What is an elevated body temperature?
fever
What are lymphocytes that guard against a particular pathogen for the rest of your life?
memory cells
What is a condition of resistance to a pathogen?
immunity
What type of immunity results from circulating antibodies or memory cells?
acquired immunity
What type of acquired immunity is developed through an immune response to a pathogen?
active acquired immunity
What type of acquired immunity develops when someone else receives and infusion of antibodies from someone else?
passive acquired immunity
What type of immunity results from factors other than the presence of antibodies and memory cells?
innate immunity
What is type of innate immunity occurs because many pathogens infect only particular types of organisms?
species immunity
What is the condition in which a person’s immune system breaks down?
immune deficiency
What is a serious immune deficiency disease caused by HIV?
AIDS
What does AIDS stand for?
acquired immune deficiency synodrome
What is a retrovirus that causes AIDS?
HIV
How is HIV transmitted?
by direct contract with body fluids of an infected person
What are substances that block certain phases in the reproduction of HIV?
antiretroviral drugs
What is the treatment and prevention of disease using vaccines and antiserums?
immune therapy
What is the process of exposing the body’s immune system to a weakened form of a pathogen in order to produce memory cells and antibodies against it?
vaccines
What are blood extracts that contain antibodies?
antiserums
What is any procedure in which chemical compounds are used to treat a disease?
chemotherapy
What are substances produced by bacteria, molds, and certain other organisms that are effective in stopping the growth of microorganisms?
antibodies
What is a powerful antibiotic extracted from Penicillium mold?
penicillin
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the best way to fight diseases?
take measures to prevent them
When can a fever be a bad thing?
when it gets too high or lasts too long
