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Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of how living things interact with one another and with their physical environment?

A

ecology

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2
Q

Who is a scientist who specialized in studying these interactions and discovering how organisms survive in their environments?

A

ecologist

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3
Q

What is an organism’s environment of home?

A

habitat

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4
Q

What are the living things in a habitat?

A

biotic factors

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5
Q

What are the nonliving things in a habitat?

A

abiotic factors

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6
Q

Can any organism be completely studies apart from its environment?

A

no

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7
Q

What is the relatively thin layer of the Earth’s surface in which life exists?

A

biosphere

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8
Q

What part of the biosphere is the air?

A

atmosphere

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9
Q

What part of the biosphere is the land?

A

lithosphere

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10
Q

What part of the biosphere is the water?

A

hydrosphere

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11
Q

What are large geographic regions that has its own specific environmental conditions and living organisms?

A

biomes

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12
Q

What is a small area within a biome that has its own specific environmental conditions and living organisms

A

ecosystem

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13
Q

What are the two general categories that all ecosystems fall under?

A

terrestrial and aquatic

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14
Q

What are all of the living things in a ecosystem?

A

community

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15
Q

What is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same ecosystem?

A

population

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16
Q

What is the smallest living thing in an environment?

A

organism

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17
Q

What is an ecosystem’s ability to withstand and recover from changes?

A

stability

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18
Q

What is the movement of animals into an ecosystem?

A

immigration

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19
Q

What is the maximum population size that the ecosystem can currently support?

A

carrying capacity

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20
Q

What is the situation that occurs if the population is above the carrying capacity?

A

overpopulation

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21
Q

What is the number and variety of species living within an ecosystem?

A

biodiversity

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22
Q

What are the two main factors that affect carrying capacities and biodiversity?

A

the transfer of energy and the transfer of nutrients

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23
Q

What is the abiotic factor that provides the basic energy of an ecosystem?

A

the radiation from the sun

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24
Q

What is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem that is very important for it influences all plant activities?

A

temperature

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25
Q

What is the abiotic factor in an ecosystem that is required for all life?

A

water

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26
Q

What is the abiotic factor in an ecosystem that affects the survival of plants and animals in several ways?

A

atmosphere

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27
Q

What is the abiotic factor in an ecosystem that give rise of differences in temperature and rainfall at different latitudes of our planet?

A

wind

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28
Q

What is the abiotic factor in an environment that influences the kinds of plants that grow there?

A

soil

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29
Q

What is a range of values that is needed for the organism’s survival?

A

tolerance range

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30
Q

What is the creature’s ideal range in which it will flourish?

A

optimum range

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31
Q

What is a factor outside an organism’s tolerance range that may threaten survival?

A

limiting factor

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32
Q

What is the combination of abiotic and biotic factors in a stable ecosystem?

A

dynamic equilibrium

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33
Q

What are organisms that make their own food using an inorganic energy source?

A

autotrophs

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34
Q

What are organisms that must obtain energy from organic sources?

A

heterotrophs

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35
Q

What are consumers that feed on plants?

A

herbivores

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36
Q

What are consumes that feed on other animals?

A

carnivores

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37
Q

What are consumers that feed on both plants and animals?

A

omnivores

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38
Q

What is dead organic matter?

A

detritus

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39
Q

What are bacteria and fungi that feed on detritus be secreting enzymes that break it down into simpler molecules?

A

decomposers

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40
Q

What are carnivores that do not kill their own food but feed on dead animals instead?

A

detritivores

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41
Q

What is a classification that describes its feeding relationship to other organisms in its ecosystem?

A

trophic level

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42
Q

Which trophic level are plants, being the producers?

A

first trophic level

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43
Q

What is the trophic level that are herbivores, that feed on plants?

A

second trophic level

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44
Q

What is the trophic level that are carnivores that feed on herbivores?

A

third trophic level

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45
Q

What is the trophic level that is usually another carnivore?

A

fourth trophic level

46
Q

What is the carnivore in the highest trophic level?

A

top carnivore

47
Q

What is a model used by ecologist to show the nutritional relationships among organisms in an ecosystem?

A

food chain

48
Q

How are living things classified into trophic levels?

A

by their position in a food chain

49
Q

What type of consumers is an animal that eats plants directly?

A

primary consumers

50
Q

What type of consumer is an animal that eats herbivores?

A

secondary consumers

51
Q

What is a model that is used by ecologists to show all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level?

52
Q

What is the function or “occupation” of a living thing?

53
Q

What is a helpful way to represent information about an ecosystem?

A

pyramid diagram

54
Q

What type of pyramid diagrams shows the energy transfer from one trophic level to the next?

A

energy pyramid

55
Q

What type of pyramid diagram represents the total mass of living matter per unit area?

A

biomass pyramid

56
Q

What is the total mass of living matter per unit area?

57
Q

What type of pyramid diagram represents the number of organisms at each trophic level and shows that population size usually decreases at higher trophic levels?

A

number pyramid

58
Q

What is a close relationship between two different species over a period of time, especially one in which they mutally benefit?

59
Q

What is a relationship in which both organisms benefit?

60
Q

What is a relationship between two organisms in which one benefits while the other is harmed?

A

parasitism

61
Q

What is the organism in parasitism that benefits?

62
Q

What is the organism in parasitism that is harmed?

63
Q

What is a relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither harmed nor helped?

A

commensalism

64
Q

What involves a predatory-prey relationship?

65
Q

What is one organism that hunts, kills, and eats another?

66
Q

What is one organism that is hunted, killed, and eaten by another?

67
Q

What is a relationship in which two organisms compete for the same limited resources?

A

competition

68
Q

What is a relationship in which one organisms inhibits another?

A

amensalism

69
Q

What is a relationship in which organisms share only an indirect relationship?

A

neutralism

70
Q

What is a relationship in which grazing animals feed on plants by cropping portions of the platnt without kiling it?

71
Q

What do food chains and energy pyramids demonstrate?

A

that energy moves in only one direction in an ecosystem

72
Q

What are cycles that recycles minerals and other nutires in the environmet?

A

nutrient cycles

73
Q

What is another name for nutrient cycles?

A

biogeochemical cycles

74
Q

What type of nutrient cycle moves water from the soil and from water surfaces of the earth, through the atmosphere, and then back to the earth again?

A

hydrololic cycle

75
Q

What type of nutrient cycle has the elements carbon and oxygen recycled through people, animals, and plants?

A

carbon-oxygen cycle

76
Q

What type of nutrient cycle has phosphorus moved from the soil to producers and then to consumers?

A

phosphorus cycle

77
Q

What is the combination of a region’s climax vegetation and its animal populations?

A

climax community

78
Q

What do ecologists use to mainly classify biomes?

79
Q

Why do ecologists use plants to classify biomes?

A

because they are stationary and do not move as animals do

80
Q

What is the treeless northern biome that has long, harsh winters and permafrost?

A

Arctic tundra

81
Q

What is a permanently frozen layer to soil that does not allow roots and water to penetrate deeply into the soil?

A

permafrost

82
Q

What is the mountain biome that has vegetation and climatic conditions similar to those of Arctic tundra but lacks permafrost?

A

alpine tundra

83
Q

What is the northern biome that has long, harsh winters and is dominated by conifers?

A

northern coniferous forest

84
Q

What is the northern coniferous forest also called?

A

boreal forest or taiga

85
Q

What is a part of the northern coniferous forest biome that has a warmer and wetter climate?

A

temperate rainforest

86
Q

What is a part of the northern coniferous forest biome that dominates the southeastern states along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts?

A

southern pine forests

87
Q

What is the biome that has well-defined seasons and is dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees?

A

temperate deciduous forest

88
Q

What is the biome dominated by grasses with occasional trees?

89
Q

What is the hot, dry biome where more water is lost through evaporation than is gained through the rain?

90
Q

What is the world’s largest desert?

91
Q

What is the tropical biome characterized by abundant rain and a year-round growing season?

A

tropical rainforest

92
Q

What means “living in trees”?

93
Q

What is the biome that is located in water?

A

aquatic biome

94
Q

What is the aquatic biome larger or smaller than terrestrial biomes?

95
Q

What type of aquatic biome ecosystem is classified to whether the water is flowing or standing and has no salt or extremely low levels of it?

A

freshwater ecosystem

96
Q

What type of aquatic ecosystem is associated with the ocean, starting from the shore and moving toward the open ocean?

A

marine ecosystem

97
Q

What is the location of rich freshwater from rivers and streams meet and mix with saltwater?

98
Q

What are formed from the remains of stony corals and algae?

A

coral reefs

99
Q

What is the area located between the highest and lowest tides along the coast?

A

intertidal zones

100
Q

What is the area that extends past the intertidal zone to the edge of the continental zone?

A

neritic zone

101
Q

What is the area that extends from the continental shelves into the open ocean?

A

oceanic zones

102
Q

What are the first organisms that colonized a disturbed ecosystem?

A

pioneer species

103
Q

What is the replacement of early pioneer species by later species in an orderly progression until the climax commonality is established?

A

ecological succession

104
Q

What is the ecological succession that starts with barren ground?

A

primary succession

105
Q

What is the ecological succession that starts with ready soil and pioneer species?

A

secondary succession

106
Q

What is man’s God-given authority over nature?

107
Q

What is man’s responsibility to manage creation in a way that balances the wise use of natural resources and their conservation?

A

stewardship

108
Q

What means using resources in a responsible way that allows their continued use?

A

conservation

109
Q

What are natural resources that regenerates very quickly?

A

renewable resources

110
Q

What are natural resources that regenerates very slowly if at all?

A

nonrenewable resources

111
Q

What is the most dangerous flaw of the modern environmental movement?

A

it promotes a reverence for nature that belongs to God alone

Biology (20 decks)

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