Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the body system that is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood they contain?
cardiovascular system
What is another name for the cardiovascular system?
circulatory system
What pumps the blood away from the heart?
arteries
What moves the blood back to the heart?
veins
What are microscopic vessels that link the larger vessels?
capillaries
What is a thich fluid containing many soldi particles?
blood
What makes up about 55% of the total blood volume?
plasma
What is the straw-colored liquid part of the blood that is about 90% water and contains various dissolved substances?
plasma
What is the most plentiful of the blood proteins that is manufactured in the liver and helps regulate the amount of water in the blood?
albumin
What is a broad category of blood proteins that help transport fats through the body and help fight infections?
globulins
What type of blood protein helps in the clotting of blood?
fibrinogen
What occurs when the body’s blood pressure reaches a critical low?
circulatory shock
What type of blood cell carries oxygen in hemoglobin mixtures?
red blood cell
What is a special iron-containing blood protein that binds easily to oxygen and gives blood its characteristic red color?
hemoglobin
What is a disorder from too little oxygen being trapped to body cells?
anemia
What type of anemia is caused by a genetic defect in the hemoglobin molecules that makes them clump together into elongated crystals under certain conditions?
sickle cell anemia
What is found at the ends of long bones and is where red blood cells and all other blood cells are produced?
red bone marrow
What is a hand-sized organ that supplies that body with stores red blood cells whenever it needs extrea oxygen-carriers?
spleen
What organs monitor the amount of oxygen in the blood?
kidneys
What do red blood cells look like?
tiny disks with a small indent on either side
What is the technical name for red blood cells?
erthrocytes
What are blood cells that function as part of the immune system, helping the body fight diseases?
white blood cells
What is the technical name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
What system do the white blood cells function as part of to help the body fight diseases?
immune system
What is a form of cancer in which white blood cells are produced in uncontrolled numbers?
leukimia
What are tiny, disk-shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow to serve as patch kits?
platelets
Do red blood cells have a nucleus?
no
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
What is the process in which plateles build up to try and stop blood flow in larger blood vessels or in areas of more extensive damage?
clotting
What is a blood clot on the surface of the skin?
scab
What is an inherited disease that results in the partial or complete inability to form blood clots?
hemophilia
What are protein or carbohydrate molecules that act as identification tags?
anigens
What is a transfer of someone else’s blood into your body?
blood transfusion
What are defense proteins in your bloodstream?
antibodies
What is the red-blood-cell antigen group consisting of antigens A and B?
ABO blood group
What type of people have no ABO-group antibodies and can therefore receive any blood type?
universal recipients
What type of people can donate to people of any blood type?
universal donors
What is the red-blood-cell antigen group whose most important member is the Rh factor?
Rh blood group
What is the most important antigen in the Rh blood group?
Rh factor
Who was the 17th-century Englishman who was the first to describe the circulation of blood accurately?
William Harvey
What is the pump that propels blood through the circulatory system?
heart
What is the tough white sac that encases the heart, helping it support and protect the heart?
pericardium
What are the four hollow spaces of the heart called?
chambers
What are the two thin-walled upper chambers of the heart called?
atria
What are the two thick-walled lower chambers of the heart called?
ventricles
Which of the three layers of the heart’s four chambers contains the muscles of the heart?
myocardium
Which of the three layers of the heart’s four chambers provides a smooth coating for the heart’s interior?
endocardium
Which of the three layers of the heart’s four chambers allows that heart to move easily within the pericardial sac as it beats?
epicardium
What is the thick wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart?
septum
What are the structures in the heart that prevents blood from flowing in the wrong direction?
valves
What are the two heart valves that allow blood flow from an atrium into a ventricule?
A-V valves
What type of valve connects the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
What type of valve connects the left atrium and left ventricle?
bicuspid valve
What type of valve allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries?
pulmonary semilunar valve
What carry blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen?
pulmonary arteries
What type of valve allow blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta?
aortic semilunar valve
What carries blood to the body tissues?
aorta
What are the body’s largest veins that the deoxygenated blood from the body passes through to get to the heart?
venae cavae
What is the artery that transports blood from the heart to the lungs?
pulmonary artery
Where does the oxygenated blood travel through to get back to the heart from the lungs?
pulmonary vein
What is the body’s largest artery that distributed the blood to the rest of the body?
aorta
What branch from the base of the aorta to distribute blood to the cardiac muscle cells?
coronary arteries
Where does the blood leave the cardiac muscle tissue after supplying it with fuel and oxygen?
cardiac veins
What is a larger vein that empties into the right atrium?
coronary sinus
What is self-stimulating striated muscle tissue found in the heart?
cardiac muscle
How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have per cell?
one
What connects cardiac muscle cells, allowing them to contract together as a unit?
intercalated disks
What is a system of special heart cells that regulate the beating of the heart?
cardiact conduction system
What is the master control unit of the heart that is the source of the electrical impulses of that stimulate the heart to beat?
sinoatrial node
What is the only electrical pathway to the ventricles that prevents the signal from reaching the ventricles before they are filled?
atrioventricular node
What is a doctor specializing in the heart and its disorders?
cardiologist
What detects the tiny electrical currents in the heart?
electrocardiogram
What is the contracting and pumping phase of the heart?
systole
What is the relaxing and filling phase of heart action?
diastole
How is the cardiac cycle of the heart perceived?
heartbeat
What is an abnormal rushing or blowing sound produced by valve damage?
heart murmur
How many times does one red blood cell pass through the heart in one cycle through the body?
twice
What is a type of heart failure caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscles?
heart attack
What is a type of heart failure that occurs when the heart stops beating and instead twitches randomly?
ventricular fibrillation
What type of machine applies a brief electrical shock to the heart to jolt its electrical system back to normal?
defibrillator
What is a complex machine that pumps blood from the body, removes carbon dioxide, add oxygen, and pumps it back to the body, allowing the heart to be stopped by suitable drugs and operated upon?
heart-lung machine
What is the simplest type of coronary artery repair?
angioplasty
What is a very thin, flexible tube that aids angioplasty?
catheter
What is a tiny metal brace that is placed into a coronary artery to keep the artery propped open?
stent
What is the process used when coronary arteries have clogs too extensive to be helped by angioplasty in which a large vein is removed from the patient’s leg and cut into pieces to be sewn into the aorta above the heart and a portion of a blocked coronary artery?
coronary artery bypass
What is the process in which the surgeon removes a faulty heart valve and replaces it with another type of valve?
valve-replacement surgery
What is it called when a damaged heart needs to be replaced with a donar heart from a fatal-accident victim?
heart transplant
What is a device that pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta?
left ventricular assist device
What are the thick-walled blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart?
arteries
What are the blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart?
veins
What are microscopic structures that absorb metabolic wastes back into the blood to be excreted through the lungs or kidneys?
capillaries
What is a slowly developing disease that is the most common form of arteriosclerosis?
atherosclerosis
What is the hardening of the arteries?
arteriosclerosis
What is the movement of the blood through all parts of the body except the lungs called?
systemic circulation
What is the flow of blood to the heart muscle through the coronary arteries and back to the right atrium called?
coronary circulation
What is the movement of blood from the digestive organs to the liver called?
portal circulation
What is the movement of blood through the kidneys called?
renal circulation
What is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs?
pulmonary circulation
What is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels?
blood pressure
What type of blood pressure is highest because the ventricles and contracting?
systolic blood pressure
What type of blood pressure is lowest because the heart is resting between beats?
diastolic blood pressure
What is one of the largest and most versatile organs in the body?
liver
What is high blood pressure medically known as?
hypertension
What is the rhythmic pressure change in the arteries that causes their walls to bulge outward and return to normal in time with you heartbeat?
pulse
What is the leading cause of death among Americans?
cardiovascular disease
What are some factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease?
diabetes, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and harmful habits such as smoking
What is a substance that causes the arteries to constrict and elevate the blood pressure, making the heart work harder?
nicotine
What are two folds of elastic tissue that produce sound for speech?
vocal chords
What supplies the body with oxygen and rids it of excessive carbon dioxide?
respiratory system
What are the two large spongy organs located inside the thoracic cavity on opposite sides of your heart?
lungs
What is the gas exchange of inhaling and exhaling air?
external respiration
What is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and the tissue cells?
internal respiration
What is the process of releasing energy from food?
cellular respiration
What is the cavity located inside the nose that warms, moistens, and filters air?
nasal cavity
What are the irregularly shaped pockets in the nasal cavity?
nasal meatuses
What is the windpipe?
trachea
What is the voice box?
larynx
What is the opening of the trachea?
glottis
What is the flap of tissue that covers the opening of the trachea?
epiglottis
What are the two branches that the trachea divides into when it enters the thoracic cavity?
bronchi
What does each bronchus divide into as it enters a lung?
secondary bronchi
What are the smaller tubes that branch from the secondary bronchi?
bronchioles
What are small, sac-like structures that the smallest bronchioles end in?
alveoli
What is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
diffusion
What is the inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes?
bronchitis
What is a bacterial or viral infection of the linings in the lungs that causes the lungs to secrete large quantities of fluid?
pneumonia
What is an allergic condition characterized by spasms of the bronchial tube muscles?
bronchial asthma
What is a double membrane that lines the inside of the rib cage, providing lubrication to prevent friction between the ribs and the delicate surface of the lungs?
pleura
What is a thick sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomino pelvic cavity?
diaphragm
What is a special enlargement of the trachea where speech originates from?
larynx
What is the process when air rushes in the thoracis cavity to equalize the pressure?
inhalation
What is the process when air rushes from the lungs to the outside to equalize the pressure?
exhalation
What is the region of the brain that controls breathing?
medulla oblongata
What are the muscles attaches to the ribs and breastbone that contract and lift the ribs and breastbone up and out when you breathe?
intercostal muscles
What is the maximum volume you can inhale and exhale?
vital capacity
What is an instrument designed to measure air volumes?
spirometer
What is the amount of air we inhale and exhale when we breathe normally?
tidal volume
What is the most common respiratory disease?
common cold
What is caused by viruses that infect the respiratory system?
influenza
What is a respiratory disease that is caused by a slow-growng bacterium that infects the lungs?
tuberculosis
What is a progressive deterioration of the alveoli caused by malfunctioning enzymes that can result from genetic causes, chronic bronchitis, and continuous exposure to smoke?
emphysema
What is one of the most common hereditary diseases that affects the chlorine gates of the lung cell membranes, hindering the lungs’ defenses against bacterial infection and causing the lungs to fill with thick, gummy material?
cystic fibrosis
What is the most devastating respiratory disease that it the uncontrolled growth of abnormal lung cells?
lung cancer
What is smoke inhaled from being around someone who is smoking?
secondhand smoke
