chapter 8 Flashcards
the cerebrum is composed of the:
1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal lobe
3) temporal lobe
4) occipital lobe
5) insular lobe (Insula)
What are the structures of the frontal lobe?
1) pre-central gyrus
2) Pre-motor area
3) supplementary motor area
4) frontal eye fields
5) Pre-frontal cortex (PFC)
6) Broca’s area
What is the function of the Pre-central gyrus?
1) Primary MOTOR cortex
2) Contains the cell body of UPPER motor neurons
3) Initiates the motor activity of the body and head
If there is damage to the Pre-central gyrus what does it result in?
1) contralateral paralysis
2) stroke
What is the function of the Pre-motor area?
1) PLANS and INTEGRATES the voluntary movement of the body
2) Responsible for the spatial guidance of movement
Damage to the Pre-motor area result in?
1) inability to organize and sequence activities
2) Having to RELEARN simple tasks such as texting on a phone
What are the functions of the supplementary motor area?
1) Directs postural stabilization of the body
2) coordinates BILATERAL activity of the body
3) Controls sequences of movement
Damage to the supplementary motor area results in?
1) Difficulty with postural stabilization
2) Difficulty coordinating bilateral movements and their sequences
-Ex) uncoordinated movement of the fingers of both hands while typing
What are the functions of the frontal eye fields?
Controls voluntary HORIZONTAL movement of the eyes from left to right, or right to left
Damage to the Frontal eye field results in?
Difficulty with horizontal movement of the eye
-ex) difficulty with looking across the room as someone enters
Functions of the pre-frontal cortex (PFC)?
1) responsible for personality, motor planning and organization
2) Responsible for EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, which includes: planning complex cognitive behavior, decision making, working memory, attending to specific tasks, moderating social and moral behavior, having the ability to suppress urges
Damage to the Pre-frontal cortex (PFC) results in?
1) Changes in personality
2) DYSEXCUTIVE FUNCTION, which includes: cognitive behavioral and emotional problems with executive function such as social judgement, executive memory, abstract thinking, problem solving, decision making, controlling emotions, and regulating social and sexual behaviors
Functions of the Broca’s area are?
1) LEFT motor control of speech
2) responsible for speech PRODUCTION (note: in 97% of people, Broca’s area is only found on the left side of the brain)
Damage to the Broca’s area results in?
1) BROCA’s (MOTOR OR EXPRESSICE) APHASIA
2) Slow and slurred speech causes patient to become frustrated
When a patient can understand language, but cannot form words or put words together to form a sentence this is called?
Broca’s aphasia
What are the structures of the Parietal lobe?
1) Post-central gyrus
2) Superior parietal lobule
3) Inferior Parietal lobule
4) supramarginal gyrus
5) Angular gyrus
6) Wernick’s area
What is the functions of the Post-central gyrus?
1) processes and perceives pain, touch, temp, kinesthetic, spatial orientation and limb position
Damage to the Post-central gyrus results in?
CONTRALATERAL impairment of pain, touch, temp, pressure and proprioception
What are the functions of the superior parietal lobule?
1) integrates SENSORY AND MOTOR function
2) Involved in spatial orientation
3) Receives SENSORY input from the hands
Damage to the superior parietal lobe results in?
1) CONTRALATERAL ASTEREOGNOSIS
2) difficulty with spatial orientation
3) CONTRALATERAL AGRAPHESTHESIA
What is it called when a person has an inability to determine what a structure is by touch.
ex) When holding an apple without looking at it the patient cannot determine what it is
ex2) with a penny, nickel, dime and quarter in a pocket, the patient is asked to take out a quarter, but the patient cannot distinguish the difference of the coins by touch alone and takes out a nickel instead
Contralateral astereognosis
What is it called when a person has an inability to recognize numbers and letters traced on the hand while the eyes are closed?
Contralateral agraphesthesia
What are the function of the inferior parietal lobule?
1) Receives information from the AUDITORY CORTEX
2) Receives information from the VISUAL cortex, including EMOTIONS displayed by facial expression
3) Interpretation of sensory information
Damage to the inferior parietal lobule results in?
1) Gerstmann syndrome
2) Inability to sense persons emotions through facial expression
-ex) a patient cannot tell if the person in front of them is angry, board or confused
3) CONTRALATERAL SENSORY NEGLECTS
When a patient has difficulty with right and left discrimination, dyscalsulia (difficulty with computing simple math) finger agnosia (difficulty distinguishing different digits on each hand), dysgraphia (difficulty with writing), dyslexia (difficulty with reading) this is called?
Gerstmann syndrome
Ex) A patient neglects to shave the right side of the face due to the lack of interpreting sensory information from the left side
What is the disease associated with this example?
Contralateral sensory neglect
What are the functions of the supramarginal gyrus?
1) Constructs of form, size and body image
2) Abstract thought
3) reading, writing and mathematical skills
4) Spatial perception
Damage to the supramarginal gyrus results in?
1) Difficulty perceiving the accurate form, size and body image
-ex) a patient cannot tell if the barking dog is friendly or vicious
2) Difficulty with reading, writing, and solving math problems
3) Difficulty with IDENTIFYING the POSTURES AND GESTURES of others and oneself
-ex) In the event of a robbery, a patient cannot understand what is going on, even while at gun point
4) Difficulty expressing empathy
What are the functions of the angular gyrus?
1) Understanding math, written language, auditory sounds and words
2) giving names to an object
Damage to the angular gyrus results in?
1) Gerstmann syndrome
2) Difficulty with LINKING words to their meaning
-ex) a patient sees a brick and cannot produce the word for the name of the object
What are the functions of the Wernick’s area?
LEFT receptive comprehension and formulation of language
Damage to the Wernick’s area results in?
Wernick’s (receptive) aphasia
This is when a patient CANNOT understand language but can form and speak words
ex) words are put together in an order that does not make sense, known as WORD SALAD
Wernick’s (receptive) aphasia
What structure are compose the temporal lobe?
1) Superior temporal gyrus
2) Middle temporal gyrus
3) Inferior temporal gyrus
What is the function of the superior temporal gyrus?
1) Primary auditory perception in the LEFT temporal lobe
2) Language comprehension
Damage to the superior temporal gyrus results in?
1) AUDITORY AGNOSIA which is the inability to recognize familiar sounds, music and words due to a bilateral lesion
2) Difficulty with comprehending language
What is the function of the middle temporal gyrus?
1) Detects MOVING objects
2) MEMORY storage
3) Encodes long term memory
4) Retains visual memory
5) EPISODIC memory, which is the memory of specific events (remember the first day of highschool)
Damage to the middle temporal gyrus results in?
1) Difficulty with detecting distance
2) difficulty with recognizing objects, numbers and shapes
3) ACHROMATOPSIA (which is difficulty seeing colors)
what are the structures of the occipital lobe?
1) Calcarine sulcus
2) Cuneus
3) Lingual Gyrus
What are the functions of the calcarine sulcus?
Primary visual cortex (brodmann’s area 17) processes VISUAL information from eyes
Damage to the calcarine sulcus results in?
1) Visual deficits
2) Multiple blind spots
What are the functions of the Cuneus?
1) Visual processing of attention, working memory
2) Reward expectation
3) Ability to make SENSE of what is seen such as motion, color, size and shape
4) Ability to organize and select visual information
Damage to the Cuneus results in?
1) Difficulty with basic visual processing (LOWER QUADRANT)
2) Patient are always seeking rewards
3) This is asspciated with bipolar depression and pathological gamblers
4) Patients cannot make sense of an object that is being held by another person, whether it is a pencil or straw
What are the functions of the Lingual Gyrus?
1) Visual processing, especially letters
2) Analysis of logical conditions
3) Encodes visual memories
4) Identifying and recognizing WORDS
Damage to the Lingual Gyrus results in?
1) Dysfunction of vision (UPPER QUADRANT) and dreaming
2) VISUAL SNOW, which is when a patient sees a continual snow or static in vision
What are the functions of the insular cortex?
1) Consciousness
2) Emotions
3) Perception
4) Motor control
5) Self-awareness
6) Autonomic control
7) Homeostasis
8) Cognitive functioning
9) Involved in chemical exteroception, taste and smell
10) Involved in interoception of signals for gustatory processes, nausea and retching
11) Activated with facial expression of DIGUST
Damage to the insular cortex results in?
Loss of:
-consciousness
-emotions
-perception
-motor control
-self-awareness
-autonomic control
-homeostasis
-cognitive functioning
2) Loss of the ability to perceive the sensation of exteroception and interoception
