chapter 16 Flashcards
which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding the nerves to the orbit?
a) CNII and the ophthalmic artery course through the optic canal and within the common tendinous ring
b) The lateral rectus muscle is supplied by abducens nerve
c) the common tendinous ring is a circle of cartilage that gives origin to the 4 rectus muscles
d) the frontal nerve (branch of V1) passes through the superior orbital fissure and through the common tendinous ring
d) the frontal nerve (branch of V1) passes through the superior orbital fissure and through the common tendinous ring
Which of the following cranial nerves is INCORRECTLY paired with its associated damage?
a) CNII- Ptosis
b) CN VII- Bell’s palsy
c) Motor root of CN V - contralateral deviation of the jaw
d) Trochlear nerve - vertical diplopia
c) motor root of CNV - contralateral deviation of the jaw
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) Damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in ipsilateral atrophy of the tongue
b) the vagus nerve attaches to the medulla, lateral to the olive, between CN IX and CN XI
c) the spinal portion of CN XI arises from the upper part of the spinal cord, at level C1-c4
d) the facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen
c) the spinal portion of the CNXI arises from the upper part of the spinal cord, at level C1-C4
Which of the following is NOT a branch that arises off of the parotid plexus from CN VII
a) Buccal
b) Frontal
c) Zygomatic
d) temporal
b) frontal
What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves according to their brain attachment, they are named from ANTERIOR to POSTERIOR:
1) CN I (olfactory nerve)
2) CN II (optic nerve)
3) CN III (oculomotor nerve)
4) CN IV (trochlear nerve)
5) CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
6) CN VI (abducent, abducens)
7) CN VII ( facial nerve)
8) CN VIII vestibulocochlear (acoustic, auditory) nerve
9) CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
10) CN X (vagus nerve)
11) CN XI (accessory nerve)
12) CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
the olfactory nerve is cranial nerve I and is ______________ in type
sensory
The olfactory nerve begins with RECEPTOR CELLS within the ________________________, which are located in the mucosa over the superior nasal conchae and the upper 1/3rd** of the nasal septum
olfactory epithelium
(olfactory nerve)
The ___ to 20 filaments that pass from this mucosa traverse the _________________ of the ethmoid bone, leaving the nasal cavity to end in the anterior cranial fossa’s ____________________
1) 15
2) cribriform plate
3) olfactory BULB
(olfactory nerve)
Here a synapse is made with _________________, which convey an impulse from the olfactory bulb along the olfactory tract to the point where the tract divides into 2 striae:
a) The ___________________ olfactory stria terminates in the UNCUS at the anterior part of the temporal lobe
b) The __________________ olfactory stria crosses through the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE to reach the uncus on the contralateral side
c) the uncus of the temporal lobe is where the sense of smell is mediated
1) Mitral cells
2) Lateral
3) Medial
(olfactory nerve)
Clinical note:
Olfactory is the sense of smell. Olfactory cells decrease with age, resulting in the loss of smell. This is known as __________________
anosmia
The optic nerve is cranial nerve II and is ___________ in type
sensory
(optic nerve)
the inner layer of the eye is known as the ___________ which gives rise to the OPTIC NERVE
retina
(optic nerve)
The optic nerves course POSTERO-MEDIALLY to cross at the ____________________
Optic chiasma
The optic chiasma lies just _________________ to the infundibulum (the hypophyseal stalk of the pituitary gland) and the mammillary bodies
anterior
(optic nerve)
Posterior to the optic chiasma, the axons form ____________________.
Optic tracts
(optic nerve)
The optic tracts pass posteriorly to the cerebrum and divide into 2 pathways:
a) the majority of the axons will course to the _______________________
b) A smaller number of the axons will pass through the lateral geniculate nucleus and continue to the ________________________
a) Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
b) Superior colliculi
(optic nerve)
Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (or indirectly from the superior collculi) course via ___________________ to the CALCARINE FISSURE of the occipital lobe, where sight is interpreted
optic radiations
Clinical note:
damage to CNII causes
Blindness
CNII mediates the sense of
light
(optic nerve)
What are the 3 nerves that give supply to the muscles of the orbit? These nerves supply the orbital structures, including the __________________ extra-ocular sk
1) CNIII, oculomotor nerve
2) CN IV, trochlear nerve
3) CN VI, abducent nerve
The 3 nerves that supply the muscles of the orbit supply the orbital structures, including the __________________ extra-ocular skeletal muscles:
a)
b)
c)
1) 7
a) 4 rectus muscles
b) 2 oblique muscles
c) lateral palpebrae superioris muscle
(Optic nerve)
LR, or LATERAL RECTUS, is supplied by
CN VI
(optic nerve)
SO, or SUPERIOR OBLIQUE, is supplied by
CN IV
The remaining ____ muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris) are innervated by ______
1) 5
2) III
All 3 cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear and abducent) exit the cranial cavity to travel through the CAVERNOUS SINUS, SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, and ______________ or _____________ the COMMON TENDINOUS RING, in that order, to ultimately reach the orbit
a) while coursing through the __________________, which lies lateral to the sella turcica, CN III, IV, and VI course with the OPHTHALMIC NERVE (V1), MAXILLARY NERVE (V2) AND THE _________________________
1) through
2) above
3) cavernous
4) internal carotid artery
Note that the ophthalmic nerve (V1) and the maxillary nerve (V2) are branches of __________
CN V, trigeminal nerve
(optic nerve)
The common tendinous ring is a circle of cartilage at the back of the orbit that gives ORIGIN to the 4 rectus muscles.
a) passing through the superior orbital fissure and ABOVE the common tendinous ring are the
1)
2)
3)
1) Frontal
2) Lacrimal
3) trochlear
Passing through the superior orbital fissure and THROUGH the common tendinous ring are the:
1)
2)
3)
Note: the nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal nerves are branches of the ophthalmic branch (V1) of CN V, ________________ nerve
1) nasociliary
2) abducent
3) Oculomotor
4) trigeminal
The Oculomotor nerve is cranial nerve III and is the chief _______________ nerve to most of the muscles of the orbit
motor
Motor neurons from the OCULOMOTOR NUCLEUS, along with PARASYMPATHETIC fibers from the ___________________, combine to form CN III
EDINGER-WESTPHAL NUCLEUS
CNIII emerges from the ____________________ of the midbrain
interpeduncular fossa
The oculomotor nerve passes between the posterior cerebral artery and the ___________________
superior cerebellar artery
The oculomotor nerve pierces the dura mater of the cranial cavity and courses THROUGH the __________________
CAVERNOUS SINUS
The oculomotor nerve courses between the greater and lesser wings of the SPHENOID BONE and THROUGH the _________________ and _____________________
1) superior orbital fissure
2) common tendinous ring
(oculomotor)
it splits into an upper and lower division:
a) the UPPER DIVISION of CNIII courses to and supplies the SUPERIOR RECTUS and _____________________________________
levator palpebrae superioris muscles
(oculomotor)
the LOWER DIVISION of CN III courses to and supplies the MEDIAL RECTUS, INFERIOR RECTUS, and _____________________________
inferior oblique muscles
The parasympathetic fibers of CNIII allow for:
1) Constriction of pupil
2) Accommodation by changing the shape of the lens
Clinical note: (oculomotor nerve)
Since this nerve courses between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery, an ANEURYSM to one of these vessels can cause compression of this nerve.
This would result in:
1) The eyeball is directed down and out
2) Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis)
The trochlear nerve is cranial nerve IV and is ____________ in type
motor
The trochlear nerve has fibers that arise from the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the?
Midbrain
The trochlear nerve is the only nerve , cranial or spinal, that arises from the ______________ part of the CNS
Dorsal
CN IV winds around the CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES and pierces the dura mater to course anteriorly THROUGH the ____________________. It then traverse THROUGH the ________________________ and ____________ the COMMON TENDINOUS RING to supply the ____________________
1) Cavernous sinus
2) above
3) superior orbital fissure
4) SUPERIOR oblique muscle
Clinical note:
Trochlear nerve lesions rarely occur, but when they do the superior oblique muscle becomes paralyzed. This results in the eyeball drifting ___________________ causing VERTICAL DIPLOPIA
superomedially
In vertical diplopia, patients see duplicate images placed above and below each other. The patient would have to tilt the head to the ________________ side to minimize the effect of vertical diplopia
opposite
The abducent nerve is cranial nerve VI and is ___________ in type
Motor
The ABDUCENT NUCLEUS lies within the _______________
Pons
What emerges from the brainstem between the medulla and the pons, close to the midline?
CN VI Abducent
The CN VI (abducent) pierces the dura mater to course ________________ the CAVERNOUS SINUS, SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, and the COMMON TENDINOUS RING supplying the _______________ only. Thus, it allows solely for __________________ of the eye.
1) Through
2) Lateral rectus muscle
3) abduction
Clinical note:
damage to CN VI results in the inability to ____________ the affected eye
abduct
The trigeminal nerve is cranial nerve V and is ______________ in type
mixed
CN V subdivides into 3 branches:
1) Ophthalmic nerve: ophthalmic division of CNV
2) Maxillary nerve: V2, maxillary division of CN V
3) Mandibular nerve: V3, mandibular division of CN V
The trigeminal nerve is ______________ for the FACE and ___________ to the muscles of _______________.
1) sensory
2) motor
3) mastication
The MOTOR ROOT of CN V courses in
V3
CN V originates from the ___________________
Pons mid-laterally
The CN V (trigeminal nerve) pierces the dura mater and continues to the area on either side of the sphenoid body in the middle cranial fossa where it expands as a ganglion.
- the ganglion here is called _____________
-CN V divides into its __ subdivisions at the site of this ganglion
1) Trigeminal, semilunar, or Gasserian ganglion
2) 3
The ophthalmic nerve is the _____________ division of the Trigeminal nerve
First
V1
ophthalmic nerve
V1 courses forward from the cranial cavity and _________________________, dividing into its 3 branches just ____________ traversing the SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
1) CAVERNOUS SINUS
2) BEFORE
what are the 3 branches from the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?
1) Nasociliary
2) Frontal
3) Lacrimal
The NASOCILIARY NERVE carries the _______________ nerve fibers that are involved in the CORNEAL BLINK REFLEX
SENSORY
The FRONTAL NERVE (from that branched off the ophthalmic nerve V1) divides at a variable point into 2 branches that both supply the _______________ and ______________. These branches are named the:
__________________ and _______________
1) Forehead
2) Central scalp
3) Supraorbital nerve
4) Supratrochlear nerve
The LACRIMAL NERVE courses along the orbit to the lacrimal gland to provide ________________ innervation to the:
1) Lacrimal gland
2) Conjunctiva
3) ______________________________
4) Majority of the nose, excluding the ala
5) ethmoid and frontal sinuses
1) Sensory
2) Lateral portion of the UPPER eyelid
V2
Maxillary nerve
The maxillary nerve is the ________________ division of the trigeminal nerve
second
(V2 MAXILLARY)
After the cranial cavity and CAVERNOUS SINUS, V2 traverses the ____________________ and passes forward to the PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
ROTUNDUM
The maxillary nerve has two small communicating branches that connect it to the ___________________________
pterygopalatine ganglion
Branches of V2 (maxillary) supply the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the ______________
palate
V2 (maxillary) gives rise to the ______________________, which supplies the superior dental plexus
superior alveolar nerves
The maxillary nerve then divides into the _________________ and _______________
1) Zygomatic
2) Infraorbital
The maxillary nerve that divided into the ZYGOMATIC NERVE splits into the:
1) ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE, which supplies the skin of the ______________________ after passing through the zygomaticotemporal foramen
2) ZYGOMATICOFACIAL NERVE, which supplies the skin on the _______________________ after passing through the zygomaticofacial foramen
1) ANTEROLATERAL SCALP
2) ANTERIOR CHEEK
The __________________ courses through the INFRAORBITAL GROOVE, AND FORAMEN, in that order, to give branches that will supply the LOWER EYELID, UPPER LIP, AND ALA, OF THE NOSE
INFRAORBITAL NERVE
V3
mandibular nerve
The mandibular nerve is the _____________ division of the Trigeminal nerve
Third
The mandibular nerve supplies the?
lateral head, mouth and gums
The mandibular nerve courses through the ___________________________ and gives off a series of branches that include the:
1) _____________
2) ___________
3)____________
Foramen ovale
1) Buccal nerve
2) Lingual nerve
3) inferior alveolar nerve
what nerve is used for Sensation to the skin of the lateral cheek, over the BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
BACCAL NERVE
_____________________ carries a branch of CN VII known as the chorda tympani to the _________________ 2/3rds of the TONGUE
-While the ___________________ 2/3rds of the tongue is provided with general SENSATION by the lingual nerve, it is the chorda tympani nerve that provides the sense of __________________
1) Lingual nerve
2) Anterior
3) Anterior
4) Taste
_____________________ courses through the MANDIBULAR FORAMEN forms the INFERIOR DENTAL PLEXUS, supplying the lower teeth
-the inferior alveolar nerve then gives off the __________________, which courses through the MENTAL FORAMEN supplying the LOWER LIP and CHIN
-the mental nerve ends as the _____________________________ which gives supply to the INCISOR TEETH
1) Inferior alveolar nerve
2) mental nerve
3) incisive branch
Clinical note: (Mandibular nerve)
Damage to any sensory component of CNV will result in a _____________________, which is a loss of SENSATION to the corresponding area of cutaneous supply
FACIAL HEMIANESTHESIA
(motor root of CN V)
The motor root of the trigeminal nerve arises from the _____________________ of CN V at the MID-LEVEL of the PONS, which lies medial to the main sensory nucleus. It courses with the MANDIBULAR NERVE (V3) as it traverses the FORAMEN OVALE, to supply the muscles involved in _____________________
1) Motor nucleus
2) mastication
Clinical note for motor root of CNV:
-damage to the motor root of CN V results in jaw weakness. When a patient is asked to open the mouth, an ____________________ deviation of the jaw occurs
Ipsilateral
CN VII
Facial nerve
The facial nerve is cranial nerve VII and is __________ in type
Mixed
CN VII attaches to the _________________ of the PONS at the PONTOMEDULLARY JUNCTION
1) LOWER BORDER
2) PONTOMEDULLARY JUNCTION
The CN VII passes with CN VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve through the ____________________
internal auditory (acoustic) meatus
As the facial nerve courses through the temporal bone, it expands and extends at the _________________________
Geniculate ganglion
CN VII gives off a number of branches. Its proximal branches are the greater petrosal nerve, motor branches, and the chorda tympani nerve.
a) The GREATER PETROSAL NERVE arises from the ____________________ and carries PARASYMPATHETIC fibers that join with ______________________ fibers to supply the LACRIMAL AND NASAL GLANDS
1) GENICULATE GANGLION
2) sympathetic
CN VII gives off a number of branches. Its proximal branches are the greater petrosal nerve, motor branches, and the chorda tympani nerve.
b) MOTOR BRANCHES to the following muscles:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1)** STAPEDIUS (helps dampen loud sounds)
2) Stylohyoid (important for swallowing)
3) posterior diagastric
4) platysma
5) other muscles of facial expression
CN VII gives off a number of branches. Its proximal branches are the greater petrosal nerve, motor branches, and the chorda tympani nerve.
c) Distal to the geniculate ganglion, CN VII also gives off the CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE, which passes between the bones of the ________________.
—The chorda tympani nerve then joins the ______________________ (branches of V3) to mediate the sense of _______________ to the ANTERIOR 2/3rds of the TONGUE
—It also carries _______________ fibers to the SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION, which supplies the SUBMANDIBULAR and ________________________
1) MIDDLE EAR
2) LINGUAL NERVE
3) TASTE
4) Parasympathetic
5) Sublingual glands
The facial nerve exits the skull through the ______________________ and then courses through the _______________________, where it becomes web-like and is called ___________________
a) FIVE branches arise off of the parotid plexus from CN VII
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1) Stylomastoid foramen
2) Parotid gland
Two Zebras Bit My Chin
1) Temporal
2) Zygomatic
3) Buccal
4) Marginal mandibular
5) Cervical
Clinical Note:
Injury to this results in a vast array of clinical deficiencies:
-Damage to the taste fibers will cause loss of taste on the anterior ______________ of the tongue (anterior ageusia)
2/3rds
Clinical Note:
Damage to the fibers supplying stylohyoid will result in difficulty swallowing _____________
dysphagia
Impairment of the fibers traveling to the lacrimal gland will result in _______________
corneal dryness
When innervation to the salivary and nasal glands is impaired, what occurs?
dryness of the moth and nasal cavities occur
Increases sensitivity to sound (________________). This occurs when stapedius is not innervated
hyperacusis
Damage to the motor fibers results in paralysis of the muscles of _________________
facial expression
BELLS PALSY results as an ___________ form of PARALYSIS to CN VII and presents a ONE-SIDED weakness of the face
acute
The vestibulocochlear nerve is cranial nerve VIII and is ______________ in type
sensory
The vestibulocochlear nerve is attached to the base of the brain at the _____________ of the PONS at the PONTOMEDULLAY JUNCTION, LATERAL to the emergence of CN VII
Lower border
CNVIII has two parts, both of which enter at the ____________________________ of the brain stem. They then connect through the INTERNAL AUDITORY (ACOUSTIC) MEATUS to synapse at the ___________ found on the floor of the ______________ in the brainstem
-The 2 parts include the:
1)
2)
1) pontomedullary junction
2) VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
3) 4th ventricle
1) Vestibular portion
2) Cochlear portion
Vestibular Portion from the ____________________. the vestibular fibers convey EQUILIBRIUM-related status from the inner ear to the brain
semicircular canals
Cochlear portion from the _____________ and its related parts. The cochlear fibers convey HEARING-related messages to the brain
cochlea
Clinical notes:
a) Damage to the ___________ portion of CN VIII or the semicircular canals will result in DISEQUILIBRIUM and an absence of the VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX (VOR)
b) Damage to the ___________ portion of CN VIII or the cochlea will result in HEARING LOSS
1) vestibular
2) cochlea
The glossopharyngeal nerve is cranial nerve IX and is _______ in type
mixed
The glossopharyngeal nerve attaches to the MEDULLA, ___________ to the olive, and __________ to CN X, vagus nerve
1) Lateral
2) superior
CN IX, along with CN X and CN XI, accessory nerve, and the sigmoid sinus, traverse the ___________________
- once the sigmoid sinus passes through the jugular foramen, it becomes the _____________________
1) jugular foramen
2) internal jugular vein
Parasympathetic fibers within CN IX travel to the ________________ to stimulate the _________________ to produce SALIVA
1) OTIC
2) PAROTID
CNXI provides motor control of the __________________________, which is an important muscle for SWALLOWING
stylopharyngeus
Fibers of CN IX supply BOTH ___________ and __________ to the POSTERIOR 1/3rd of the TONGUE. It also provides sensory supply to the:
1)
2)
3)
4)
1) sensation
2) taste
1) Posterior oral cavity
2) tonsillar region
3) Eustachian tube
4) Middle ear
The _________________ and body monitor blood pressure and oxygen levels, respectively and send those impulses to the brain via CN IX
caotid bulb or sinus
Clinical Note:
Injury CN IX (glossopharyngeal) nerve results in multiple clinical deficiencies:
1) Impairment of fibers traveling to the parotid gland will result in a slight reduction in ______________
salivation
Injury CN IX (glossopharyngeal) nerve results in multiple clinical deficiencies:
2) Damage to the motor fibers results in difficulty swallowing. What is this called?
dysphagia
Injury CN IX (glossopharyngeal) nerve results in multiple clinical deficiencies:
A ______________ will not be present if the SENSORY fibers to the posterior oral cavity are damage
gag reflex
Injury CN IX (glossopharyngeal) nerve results in multiple clinical deficiencies:
3) Damage to the taste fibers will cause the loss of taste on the posterior ______________ of the tongue (POSTERIOR AGEUSIA)
1/3RD
Injury CN IX (glossopharyngeal) nerve results in multiple clinical deficiencies:
4) A loss of the CAROTID SINUS REFLEX will occur if the fibers traveling from the carotid bulb and sinus experience a _______________________
Bilateral lesion
CN X
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve X and is _________ in type
mixed
The vagus nerve attaches to the MEDULLA, _______________ to the olive, _____________ CN IX and CN XI
1) lateral
2) between
Vagus (like a vagabond) is a nerve that travels from the HEAD to the _______ to the THORAX to the _________
1) neck
2) abdomen
CNX, along with CNIX, CN XI and the sigmoid sinus, transverse the ______________
jugular foramen
Once it becomes the internal jugular vein it then heads inferiorly, traveling ANTERIOR to the ______________ ANTERIOR muscle in the neck, where it lies ________ the CAROTID SHEATH with the internal or common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein.
The nerve then courses through the thorax, ______________ to the root of the lung (posterior to the primary bronchus), to travel on the surface of the ESOPHAGUS, and through the ESOPHAGEAL OPENING of the ___________ to reach the abdomen
Along this long pathway, the vagus nerve gives off a series of branches:
a) it gives off _________________ fibers that supply the LARYNX, which are important for VOCALIZATION, namely the:
1)
2)
1) Scalene
2) IN
3) posterior
4) diaphragm
5) Motor
1) superior laryngeal nerve
2) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Motor fibers of CN X also supply muscles that are important for ____________
swallowing
CN X _________________ fibers will supply the:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
sensory
1) Pharynx
2) Larynx
3) Epiglottis
4) External ear
5) Auditory canal
6) Lower respiratory system
7) Majority of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, up to the PROXIMAL HALF of the large intestine
CNX carries impulses from receptor in the ______________
aortic bulb or sinus
The autonomic fibers traveling through CNX function as BRONCHOCHONSTRICTORS, CARDIAC DEPRESSORS, and are involved in ________________________
GI MOTILITY AND SECRETION
Damage to CN X may result in
1) Damage to the motor fibers results in difficulty swallowing ( _______________)
2) Weak or _________ voice
3) ___________ of the soft palate
4) ________________ deviation of the uvula
5) _________________ of the external auditory canal, pharynx, and larynx
6) Loss of the _______________
1) dysphagia
2) Hoarse
3) sagging
4) Contralateral
5) Hemianesthesia
6) cough
The accessory nerve is cranial nerve XI and is ____________ in type
motor
Cranial nerve XI is made up of a ____________________ and a spinal portion
cranial
The cranial portion of CN XI arises from the medulla, _____________ to the olive, and _____________ to CN X
a) it joins CN X immediately after both parts pass through the JUGULAR FORAMEN
b) The cranial portion forms the _______________ fibers of the _______________ LARYNGEAL NERVE, which is a branch from CN X
1) Lateral
2) inferior
3) motor
4) recurrent
The SPINAL PORTION of CN XI arises from the upper part of the spinal cord, at levels ___________. This is also called the ________________________.
a) It ascends through the ______________ to enter the cranial cavity
b) It then courses through a second foramen, the __________________, exiting into the neck where it innervates the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID AND TRAPEZIUS muscles
1) C1-C5
2) Spinal accessory nerve
3) FORAMEN MAGNUM
4) Jugular Foramen
Clinical note: CN XI
Injury to the CRANIAL PORTION of CNXI results in ______________
hoarseness
Clinical note: CN XI
Injury to the SPINAL PORTION of CN XI results in an __________________ WEAKNESS when shrugging the shoulders and turning the head towards the _________________
1) ipsilateral
2) opposite side
The hypoglossal nerve is cranial nerve XII and is _____________ in type
motor
The hypoglossal nerve attaches to the MEDULLA, _____________ to the olive. It arises from the _________________ via rootlets that emerge between the OLIVE and the _____________ of the medulla oblongata.
1) medial
2) hypoglossal nucleus
3) pyramid
CN XI passes through the ______________ just above the occipital condyles of the occipital bone
-it travels forward and _______ to the intrinsic and several extrinsic muscle of the ___________ to ultimately enter and supply them.
1) Hypoglossal canal
2) deep
3) tongue
Injury to CN XII results in:
1)
2)
3)
1) TONGUE DEVIATION TOWARD the side of the damage
2) IPSILATERAL ATROPHY of the tongue
3) FASCICULATIONS, which are small, local involuntary muscle twitches
