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Neuroanatomy > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What lies on the posterior cranial fosa?

A

Brainstem

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2
Q

The brainstem makes up what percent of the total weight of the brain?

A

4%

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3
Q

The brainstem has a similar structural plan as the spinal cord, consisting of an _________________ surrounding an INNER region of GRAY matter. However, there are also central gray matter nuclei located in the __________________

A

OUTER white matter

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4
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

1) it provides rigidity programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for SURVIVAL
2) the brainstem acts as a passageway for all of the tracts running between the CEREBRUM and SPINAL CORD

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5
Q

The brainstem is involved in the special senses of …

A

1) olfaction
2) sight
3) hearing
4) equilibrium
5) gustation

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6
Q

The brainstem is involved with innervation of the FACE and HEAD since ___ of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it

A

10

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts that compose the brainstem?

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla

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8
Q

The hallow CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS runs through the ______________

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the midbrain?

A

1) Dorsal surface of the midbrain
2) Ventral surface of the midbrain
3) central portion of the midbrain

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10
Q

What presents the SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, which connects the MIDBRAIN to the CEREBELLUM?

A

Dorsal surface of the midbrain

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11
Q

On the dorsal surface of the midbrain the largest nuclei are found within the?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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12
Q

The corpora quadrigemina makes up the ____________ on the dorsal surface of the midbrain

A

Tectum (roof)

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13
Q

The corpora quadrigemina consists of __ elevations that are arranged in __ pairs. What are they?

A

1) 4
2) 2
3) Superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

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14
Q

What are involved in VISION, which includes visual reflexes?

A

Superior colliculi

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15
Q

What have descending fibers from the TECTOSPINAL TRACT that play a role in tracking MOVEMENT of the EYES, and REFLEX MOVEMENT of the HEAD AND NECK?

A

Superior colliculi

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16
Q

What are involved in the AUDITORY system, which includes auditory reflexes?

A

Inferior colliculi

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17
Q

The ____________________ within the inferior colliculi mediates auditory signals to the MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (MGN) of the turning of the head when a startling sound is heard

A

Auditory relay nucleus

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18
Q

What presents paired CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES that form VERTICAL PILLARS which appear to hold up the CEREBRUM?

A

Ventral surface of the midbrain

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19
Q

The cerebral peduncles contain large pyramidal ___________________ that DESEND towards the spinal cord.

A

CORTICOSPINAL motor tracts

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20
Q

At the central portion of the midbrain, surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, is the ____________________________

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

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21
Q

Many nuclei lie ___________ to the periaqueductal gray matter, scattered within the surrounding WHITE MATTER

A

External

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22
Q

(central portion of the midbrain) Near the ventral part of the periaqueductal gray matter are cranial nerve nuclei that contain the cell bodies of MOTOR neurons that supply the majority of the muscles that move the EYES:

A

1) CNIII, OCULOMOTOR NERVE
2) CNIV, trochlear nerve

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23
Q

The central portion of the midbrain contains:

A

1) substantia nigra
2) Red nucleus
3) reticular formation

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24
Q

What is the band- like POSTERIOR to the corticospinal tract, a pathway that facilitates contraction of the voluntary muscles of the body called?

A

Substantia nigra

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25
Q

The substantia nigra has neuron celll bodies that contain a ____________________?

A

Dark melanin pigment

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26
Q

The substantia nigra has neuron cell bodies that contain a dark melanin pigment, which is a precursor of the neurotransmitter _______________- that is made and released by these neurons

A

Dopamine

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27
Q

If there is a lesion to the substantia nigra what occurs?

A

It can cause the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which results in Parkinson’s disease

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28
Q

What lies POSTERIOR to the substantia nigra? Its REDDISH due to a rich blood supply and the presence of an IRON PIGMENT in the cell bodies of its neurons

A

Red nucleus

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29
Q

The red nucleus gives rise to the ______________________, which is an alternate pathway that facilitates the flexor motor neurons of the CONTRALATERAL side of the body when the corticospinal tract is damaged

A

Rubrospinal tract

30
Q

What is a system of nuclei that are scattered throughout the CORE of the brainstem? it is involved in consciousness and autonomic activities, among other functions.

A

Reticular Formation

31
Q

What is the bulging region of the brainstem that is wedged between the MIDBRAIN SUPERIORLY, and the MEDULLA OBLONGATA INFERIORLY?

A

Ponds

32
Q

The pons look like a ventral bridge BETWEEN the right and left halves of the ________________

A

Cerebellum

33
Q

The dorsal surface of the pons presents the ___________________________, which connect the PONS to the CEREBELLUM

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

34
Q

Dorsally, the pons are separated from the cerebellum by the?

A

4th ventricle

35
Q

Near the 4th ventricle, the pons contain?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

36
Q

The following cranial nerves attach to the pons:

A

1) CNV
2) CNVI
3) CNVII

37
Q

Within the pons the cranial nerve nuclei are arranged into 2 general groups:

A

1) Motor nuclei
2) Sensory nuclei

38
Q

Ventral to the cranial nerve nuclei, the pons contain many ______________________ that are involved in consciousness and autonomic function

A

Reticular formation nuclei

39
Q

What is the autonomic function that the reticular formation nuclei are involved in?

A

Respiratory center

40
Q

Ventrally, the pons contains the thick ____________________ that descends from the cerebral cortex

A

Pyramidal motor tract (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT)

41
Q

Interspersed among the fibers of the pyramidal motor tract are numerous ___________________, which are known as relay nuclei because they contain the cell bodies of interneurons

A

Pontine nuclei

42
Q

The interneurons that spread through the pontine nuclei take part in the pathway between the PRE-central gyrus and the _________________, impacting the COORDINATION of voluntary movement

A

CEREBELLUM

43
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A

1) The pons are involved in communication with the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS
2) It is involved in facial sensation, muscles of mastication, abduction of the eye, muscles of facial expression, taste, consciousness, autonomic function, voluntary motor control and coordination of voluntary muscle movements

44
Q

What is the most CAUDAL (inferior) part of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

45
Q

The medulla oblongata blends into the spinal cord near the level of the ____________________ of the skull

A

foramen magnum

46
Q

The dorsal surface of the medulla presents the ____________________ which connect the MEDULLA to the CEREBELLUM

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

47
Q

The ___________________ lies DORSAL to the SUPERIOR HALF of the MEDULLA and contains CHOROID PLEXUS

A

4th ventricle

48
Q

What are the landmarks presented on the medulla?

A

1) Pyramids
2) Olives
3) Cranial nerves

49
Q

Along the ventral midline of the medulla are TWO longitudinal elevation called?

A

Pyramids

50
Q

The pyramids on the medulla are formed by what?

A

PYRAMIDAL TRACTS (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT)

51
Q

In the CAUDAL part of the medulla, most of the pyramidal fibers CROSS OVER to the contralateral side of the brain called the?

A

Pyramidal decussation

52
Q

There are TWO ___________ on the medulla, each lying immediately LATERAL to the pyramid

A

Olives

53
Q

The olives contain an INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLUS, which is a large wavy fold of ___________________

A

Gray matter

54
Q

The inferior olivary nucleus is a relay station for the ______________ information that travels to the _______________, especially proprioceptive information that ascends from the spinal cord

A

1) Sensory
2) Cerebellum

55
Q

The ____ most inferior pairs of cranial nerves attach to the ventral surface of the medulla

A

5

56
Q

The SENSORY AND MOTOR nuclei of these cranial nerves lie DEEP in the medulla, near the __________________.

A

4th ventricle

57
Q

The 5 cranial nerves of the medulla are:

A

1) CNVIII (VESTRIBULOCOHLEAR NERVE)
2) CN IX (GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE)
3) CN X (VAGUS NERVE)
4) CN XI (ACCESSORY NERVE)
5) CNXII (HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE)

58
Q

The hypothalamus exerts it control over most _______________ functions of the medulla by relaying its instructions through the medulla;s reticular center

A

visceral

59
Q

Internally, the core of the medulla contains most of the reticular formation, as well as nuclei that perform autonomic (visceral motor) functions, which include the:

A

1) Cardiac center
2) Vasomotor center
3) Medullary respiration centers
4) regulation of vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

60
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the brainstem?
a) makes up 4% of the total weight of the brain
b) Consists of an outer gray matter surrounding an inner region of white matter
c) lies in the posterior cranial fossa
d) Produces autonomic behaviors that are responsible for survival

A

b) Consists of an outer gray matter surrounding an inner region of white matter

61
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the brainstem?
a) It is involved in the special senses of olfaction, gustation (taste), and hearing
b) Acts as a passageway for all of the tracts running between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
c) 9 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it
d) composed of 3 parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla

A

c) 9 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it

62
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the midbrain?
a) it lies between the telencephalon rostrally (superiorly) and the pons caudally (inferiorly)
b) the superior cerebellar peduncles lie on the anterior surface of the midbrain
c) The corpora quadrigemina makes up the tectum (roof) of the dorsal surface of the midbrain
d) the superior colliculi are involved in auditory reflexes

A

c) The corpora quadrigemina makes up the tectum (roof) of the dorsal surface of the midbrain

63
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?
a) the tectospinal tract plays a role in tracking movements of the eye and reflex movements of the head and neck
b) The auditory relay nucleus mediates auditory signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
c) The inferior colliculi mediates a signal that allows for the turning of the head when a statling sound is heard
d) the corpora quadrigemina consists of 4 elevations that are arranged in 2 pairs

A

b) The auditory relay nucleus mediates auditory signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

64
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT?
a) the periaqueductal gray matter lies in the central portion of the midbrain
b) stimulation of the ventral surface of the midbrain produces analgesia
c) the cerebellar peduncles contain large pyramidal corticospinal motor tracts
d) many nuclei lie internal to the periaqueductal gray matter

A

a) the periaqueductal gray matter lies in the central portion of the midbrain

65
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?
a) cranial nerve nuclei are located near the ventral part of the periaqueductal gray matter
b) the substantia nigra lies posterior to the corticospinal tract
c) cranial nerve nuclei contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons that supply the majority of eye muscles
d) the corticospinal tract facilitates contraction of the voluntary muscles of the body

A

c) cranial nerve nuclei contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons that supply the majority of eye muscles

66
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?
a) substantia nigra contains a precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine
b) The oval red nucleus lies anterior to the substantia nigra
c) lesions to the substantia nigra can result in parkinson’s disease
d) the red nucleus has a presence of iron pigment in the cell bodies

A

b) The oval red nucleus lies anterior to the substantia nigra

67
Q

Which of the following is correct?
a) the red nucleus gives rise to the alternate pathway that facilitates the flexor motor neurons on the ipsilateral side of the body
b) the reticular formation is a system of nuclei that are scattered throughout the core of the brainstem
c) the pons is wedged between the medulla superiorly, and the midbrain inferiorly
d) The pons forms a bridge between right and left sides of the cerebrum

A

b) the reticular formation is a system of nuclei that are scattered throughout the core of the brainstem

68
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?
a) the middle cerebellar peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum
b) the pons is separated from the cerebellum by the 3rd ventricle
c) facial and trigeminal nerves attach directly to the pons
d) reticular formation nuclei are involved in consciousness and autonomic function

A

b) the pons is separated from the cerebellum by the 3rd ventricle

69
Q

Which of the following is correct?
a) the medulla contains a center responsible for producing smooth transitions from inhalation to exhalation
b) the pons is involved in the communication with the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS
c) the pons coordinates involuntary muscle movements
d) in the rostral part of the medulla, most of the pyramidal fibers cross over to the contralateral side of the brain

A

b) the pons is involved in the communication with the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

70
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?
a) the medulla oblongata is the most caudal part of the brainstem
b) the dorsal surface of the medulla presents the inferior cerebral peduncles, which connect the medulla to the cerebellum
c) the 4th ventricle lies dorsal to the superior half of the medulla
d) the olives contain a nucleus that is a relay station for sensory information that travels to the cerebellum

A

b) the dorsal surface of the medulla presents the inferior cerebral peduncles, which connect the medulla to the cerebellum

71
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT?
a) the four most inferior pairs of cranial nerves attach to the ventral surface of the medulla
b) cranial nerves lie deep in the medulla, near the 4th ventricle
c) the core of the midbrain contains most of the reticular formation
d) the olives on the medulla lie medial to the pyramids

A

b) cranial nerves lie deep in the medulla, near the 4th ventricle

Neuroanatomy (26 decks)

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