chapter 30 Flashcards
Gray matter of the spinal cord- an area of cell bodies ___________ the central nervous system
Within
The gray matter contains enlargements known as the ________________ and the ventral horns (motor)
dorsal horns (SENSORY)
White matter of the spinal cord- an area of fibers ____________ within the central nervous system. The white matter is divided into posterior, lateral, and ________________. These are columns of nerve bundles containing tracts that course up and down, to and from the brain. This includes tracts like the corticospinal tract for voluntary movement
1) Mainly AXONS
2) ANTERIOR FUNICULI
Dorsal root- arises from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord. The dorsal root contains _________ neurons only
SENSORY
Dorsal root ganglion- An enlarged portion of the dorsal root. A ganglion is defined as an area of cell bodies _____________ of the central nervous system. the dorsal root ganglion contains _____________ of sensory neurons
1) Outside
2) Cell bodies
Ventral root- Arises from the ventral surface of the spinal cord. The ventral root contains axons of _____________ neurons only
MOTOR
Spinal nerve- The ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form the spinal nerve. The spinal nerve divides into the ventral and dorsal _______
rami
Ventral ramus- The larger ventral ramus supplies the entire ____________, as well as the appendages. The ventral ramus contains ____________________
1) ANTERIOR TRUNK
2) Both sensory and motor neurons
Dorsal ramus- The smaller dorsal ramus supplies structures of the __________. The dorsal ramus contains _________________
1) Back
2) Both sensory and motor neurons
Sensory neurons- the cell bodies is in the dorsal root ganglion. Sensory neurons are also __________________
AFFERENT NEURONS
Interneurons neuron- Shown synapsing with a _______________. It is also shown crossing the other side of the spinal cord, leaving the _____________, entering the ______________, and beginning to ascend through the cord
1) Motor neuron
2) Gray matter
3) white matter
Motor neuron- the cell body is in the gray matter of the spinal cord, and its axon passing through the white matter into the ____________. Motor neurons are also called _______________
1) Ventral root
2) EFFERENT NEURONS
The spinal cord is a long cylindrical mass of nervous tissue that occupies the upper _________________ of the vertebral canal. It is connected to the brain superiorly, where it is continuous with the medulla oblongata. It extends inferiorly to the level of _________
1) TWO-THIRD
2) LV2
The lower end of the spinal cord has a conical shape and is termed the ______________________. It presents enlargements in the cervical and lumbar regions, where the cell bodies of the neurons for the upper limb and lower limb are located
1)
2)
Conus medullaris
1) Cervical enlargement
2) Lumbosacral enlargement
the CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT is located from the __________________ spinal segments
C5 to T1
The LUMBOSACRAL ENLARGEMENT is located from the __________________ spinal segments
L1 to S3
Below the vertebral level of ________, the canal is occupied by the ___________________:
1) This consists of the long roots of the lower spinal nerves and the _______________, which descends in a bundle from the conus medullaris
2) Because of the difference in length of the spinal cord and the vertebral canal, the level of attachment of the spinal root to the cord is ______________ than the level of emergence of the spinal nerve
1) LV2
2) Cauda equina
3) Filum terminal
4) Higher
At each segment, the ______________ an the ____________ join to form the spinal nerve. there are ______ pairs of spinal nerves. The first pair of spinal nerves (C1) emerges between the ______ and the skull. The C2 to C7 nerves emerge ________ the correspondingly numbered vertebrae. The C8 pair emerges below ________. The remaining spinal nerve (T1-Cx-1) emerge _______ the correspondingly numbered vertebrae
1) Dorsal root
2) Ventral root
3) 31
4) Atlas
5) Above
6)CV7
7) below
Cervical region
Number of nerve pairs:
Nerve Names:
Number of nerve pairs: 8 PAIRS
Nerve Names: C1-C8
Thoracic region
Number of nerve pairs:
Nerve Names:
Number of nerve pairs: 12 pairs
Nerve Names: T1-T12
Lumbar region:
Number of nerve pairs:
Nerve Names:
Number of nerve pairs: 5 pairs
Nerve Names: L1-L5
Sacral region
Number of nerve pairs:
Nerve Names:
Number of nerve pairs: 5 pairs
Nerve Names: S1-S5***
Coccygeal region
Number of nerve pairs:
Nerve Names:
Number of nerve pairs: 1 pair
Nerve Names: Cx1
Which spinal nerve can be found exiting just superior to vertebra prominens?
C7
Which spinal nerve can be found exiting just inferior to TV10?
T10
Which spinal nerve can be found exiting just superior to SV3?
S2
Arteries supplying the spinal cord include one ________________ and ______________
1) 1 Anterior spinal artery
2) 2 posterior spinal arteries
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and protected by 3 layers of connective tissue, collectively termed?
MENINGES
From external to internal, the meninges consists if the?
1)
2)
3)
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater
The dura mater is the _______________ meninx. it is composed of dense, tough, fibrous connective tissue
outermost
The dura of the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum, where it is continuous with the dura mater that surrounds the brain to the __________ at _______ and further to its inferior attachment to the coccyx called the _____________
1) Dural sac
2) SV2
3) Filum of the dura
The space external to the spinal dura mater is termed the?
Epidural space
The epidural space contains __________ in the form of gobules of fat. In addition to this fat, the spindural space contains the _______________
1) adipose tissue
2) Vertebral venous plexus
The vertebral venous plexus, clinically referred to as _______________ connect superiorly with the dural sinuses of the cranial cavity
BATSON’s VEIN
BATSON’s vein communicate with veins external to the vertebrae via _________________. Due to their close proximity, if an _____________________ becomes dilated it may compress a spinal nerve
INTERVERTEBRAL veins
The arachnoid mater is the ____________________
1) It is delicate, loose, netlike membrane that surrounds the brain, courses and extends through the foramen magnum, through the vertebral column to _____
2) It is separated from the pia mater by the ________________, which is the space containing the CSF
1) INTERMEDIATE meninx
2) S2
3) SUBARACHNOID SPACE
The pia mater is the __________ layer of the meninges.
1) It is delicate connective tissue that adheres to the surface of the brain and ____________
2) It extends from the foramen magnum, where it is continuous with the cerebral pia mater inferiorly through the vertebral column to the end of the spinal cord, the conus medullaris, and further as an inferior entension
1) INNERMOST
2) spinal cord
There are two extensions of the pia mater:
i. The __________________ ligament forms a series of toothlike lateral extensions of the pia from the lateral surface of the spinal cord
1. These extensions attach at intervals along the internal surface of the dura and arachnoid of the cord
2. These extensions are made up of pia mater and are clinically important because they separate the ventral roots of spinal nerves from dorsal roots
ii. In addition, a single inferior extension of the pia mater is found from the conus medullaris inferiorly through the vertebral column embedded within the roots of the cauda equina
1. This extension is called the _______________
2. It is attached inferiorly at the coccyx
1) denticulate
2) filum terminale
The spinal nerve arises from the:
a. Ventral ramus and dorsal ramus
b. Ventral root and dorsal root
c. White matter of the spinal cord
b. Ventral root and dorsal root
Which statement about the spinal cord is incorrect?
a. Gray matter of the spinal cord is an area of cell bodies within the CNS
b. White matter is an area of fibers outside the CNS
c. The ventral ramus supplies the appendages
d. The dorsal ramus supplies the back
b. White matter is an area of fibers outside the CNS
A sensory neuron has its cell body in the
a. White matter of the spinal cord
b. Ventral root
c. Dorsal root ganglion
d. Dorsal ramus
c. Dorsal root ganglion
4) Of the three meninges, which is the toughest?
a. Pia mater
b. Arachnoid mater
c. Dura mater
c. Dura mater
5) Which of the following statements is correct?
a. All three meninges extend from the foramen magnum to the coccyx
b. The epidural space contains cerebral spinal fluid
c. The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid mater and dura mater
d. Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale are extensions of pia mater
d. Denticulate ligaments and filum terminale are extensions of pia mater
