Chapter 1 Flashcards
What provides control for RAPID activities of the body?
a) Endocrine
b) Nervous system
c) Exocrine
d) Apocrine
Nervous System
The nervous system is composed of a group of highly ____________ cells that conduct nerve impulses to a center so responses can be made.
Example: Movement and THINKING
Specialized
This generally provides control for slower activities of the body.
Example: GROWTH
Endocrine System
What are the structural components of the nervous system? They consist of 2 principle type of cells.
1) Neurons
2) Neuroglia
What are the anatomical structures of a neuron?
1) Dentrites
2) cell body or stoma
3) Axon Hillocl
4) Myelin
5) Nodes of Ranvier
6) Synaptic terminals
7) Synapse
What are the extentions of the plasma membrane that increases the surface area available to receieve stimuli of neuron?
Dendrites
This contains nucleus and controls metabolic activity of neuron. What is this?
Cell Body or Soma
What connects cell body to axon of a neuron?
Axon Hillock
What is the insulating substance that allows axons to conduct impulses faster?
Myelin
What are the gaps between segments of myelin? The Insulatory material is not continuous along the axon, but is interrupted at the ______________?
Nodes of Ranvier
The nervous impulses jump from node to node as travel down axon, a conduction known as?
Saltatory conduction
What is the swellings at end of axon involved in neurotransmitter release?
Synaptic terminal
What is the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and its target, which maybe be a neuron or an effector organ?
Synapse
(Important)
The structural classification of neurons is based on what?
It is based on the number of branches that arise off the soma. Branches of the soma include both axons and dendrites
(Need Image)
What is it called when there are 3 or more branches that come off the soma?
Multipolar
(Need image) What is it called when there are 2 branches that come directly off the soma?
Bipolar
(need image) What is it called when there is only 1 branch that comes off the soma?
Unipolar
What are the functional classifications of a neuron?
1) Afferent
2) Efferent
3) Interneurons
What transmit sensory nerve impulses from receptor to brain and spinal cord?
Afferent (sensory neurons)
What convey motor nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles and glands)?
Efferent (motor neurons)
What transmits signals between neurons in the brain and spinal cord? (This group makes up MAJORITY of neurons in the body)
Interneurons (internuncial) Neurons
Neuronal Activity
1) Neurons are specialized to receive signals from sensory receptors, or from other neurons in body, and transfer this information along the length of axon
2) Impulses, known as ACTION POTENTIALS, travel length of axon and invade nerve terminal, thereby causing release of nerotransmitters in synapse
What preceive stimuli and convey information towards sensory pathways?
Sensory receptors
What are the types of sensory receptors?
1) Exteroceptors (exteroreceptors)
2) Proprioceptors
3) Enteroreceptors
What is the name of the receptors located in skin that respond to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure OUTSIDE of the body?
Exteroceptors (aka exteroreceptors)
What are the types of Exteroceptors (aka exteroreceptors?
1) Hair follicles
2) Merkels endings
3) Meissners corpuscles
4) Pacinian corpuscles
5) Ruffini end organs
6) Free nerve endings (NOCICEPTORS)
7) Krause end bulbs
What contains the exteroceptor that sense touch?
Hair follicles
What contains the exteroceptor that sense pressure and low frequency vibration?
Merkels endings
What contains the exteroceptor that sense light or fine touch?
Meissners corpuscles
What contains the exteroceptor that sense vibration and changes in pressure?
Pacinian corpuscles
What contains the exteroceptor that sense cold?
Krause end bulbs
(IMPORTANT) What contains the exteroceptor that sense heat, skin stretching and sustaining pressure?
Ruffini end organs
What is the exteroceptor that sense pain?
Free nerve endings (NOCICEPTORS)
What type of receptors are found in muscles, joints, and tendons that respond to changes in body POSITION?
Proprioceptors
Where are the proprioceptors located?
1) Muscle spindle
2) Golgi tendon organs
3) Joint receptors
What are the types of muscle spindles?
1) Intrafusal muscle fibers
2) Extrafusal muscle fibers
What types of proprioceptors are located in skeletal muscle and sense muscle length?
Muscle spindle
What contains proprioceptors, and sense the RATE and length of muscle stretch?
Intrafusal muscle fibers
What contains proprioceptors that allow for muscle movement?
Extrafusal muscle fibers
What contains proprioceptors that are found in the junction of muscles and tendons, and sense tension (strength) of tendon?
Golgi tendon ORGANS
What contains proprioceptors that are found in the joint CAPSULE and sense movement of joints?
Joint receptors
What is the type of sensory receptor that are found in the viscera of body and function to monitor events within the body organs?
Enteroreceptors
What are the types of enteroreceptors?
1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Nociceptors
What is the type of enteroreceptor that is found in the aortic arch and sense changes in blood PRESSURE?
Mechanoreceptor
What is the type of enteroreceptor that is found in the carotid body and sense blood pH and exchange of blood gases?
Chemoreceptors
What is the type of enteroreceptor that is located in the distension (extension of an organ example stomach gets to full it will cause PAIN) of an organ and sense PAIN?
Nociceptors
What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
1) Afferent
2) Efferent
3) Effectors
The afferent portion of the PNS that is visceral or body core is the?
Ex) Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs
General viseral afferents (GVA)
The afferent portion of the PNS that is from skin, skeletal muscle or joints are called?
General somatic afferents (GSA)
The efferent portion of the PNS that deals with the autonomic nervous system is the?
General Visceral Efferents (GVE)
The efferent portion of the PNS that deals with skeletal muscle is called?
General Somatic Efferents (GSE)
The type of effectors of the PNS are the?
1) Muscle (Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
2) Glands (Exocrine and ENDOCRINE)
What are located in the CNS and is a supportive connective tissue that nurtures and protects neurons?
Neuroglia
What are the types of Neuroglia? Make sure to know where they are located)
1) Astrocytes (CNS)
2) Microglia (CNS)
3) Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
4) Ependymal cells (CNS)
5) Schwann cells (PNS)
6) Satellite cells (PNS)
What is the neuroglia that is found in the CNS that regulates the passage of molecules from blood to brain. They help form blood-brain barrier, which regulates the passage of substances to the brain?
Astrocytes
What is the neuroglia that is found in the CNS that are phagocytic cells that migrate throughout the CNS removing debris. They may migrate to areas where nervous tissue is injured?
Microglia
What is the neuroglia that is found in the CNS that form fatty myelin sheaths around most axons in CNS ONLY?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the neuroglia that is found in the CNS that lines the brain chambers called ventricles and help form the choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Ependymal cells
What is the neuroglia that is found in the PNS that form fatty myelin sheaths around most axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What is the neuroglia that is found in the PNS that support neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the PNS?
Satellite cells
Which is correct about the nervous system?
a) the nervous system has 3 major subdivisions
b) The peripheral nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord
c) The nervous system is involved in slow activity
d) The nervous system is composed of a group of highly specialized cells for conducting nerve impulses
D) The nervous system is composed of a group of highly specialized cells for conducting nerve impulses
Which is correct of the primary functions of the nervous tissue?
a) It transmits stimuli to receptors
b) Information is processed in the sensory neurons only
c) Responses are transmitted to the effector organ through motor neurons
d) The receptor carries out the responses
c) Responses are transmitted to the effector organ through motor neurons
Which of the following receptors corresponds to changes in pressure?
a. Meissner’s corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Ruffini end organs
d. krause’s end bulb
b) Pacinian corpuscles
Which is correct regarding the structural components of the nervous system?
a. The soma receives information and transmits it toward the cell body
b. The axon hillock contains the nucleus and controls metabolic activity of the neuron
c. Nodes of Ranvier connects the cells body to the axon
d. Synaptic terminals are involved in neurotransmitter release
d) synaptic terminals are involved in neurotransmitter release
Neuroglia in the PNS consists of:
a. Astrocytes
b. Oligodendrocytes
c. Ependymal cells
d. Schwann cells
d) Schwann cells
Which structural classification of the neuron is correct?
a. Unipolar neuron has only 1 branch off of the soma
b. Bipolar neuron has more than 2 branches off the soma
c. Efferent neurons transmit sensory nerve impulses
d. Multipolar neuron has only 2 branches off the soma
a) Unipolar neuron has only 1 branch off the soma
Which is correct?
a. Efferent neurons transmit sensory nerve impulses from receptor to the brain and spinal cord
b. Afferent neurons carry impulses between neurons
c. Interneurons makes up the majority of nerves in the body
d. Neurons are specialized to transmit signals to sensory receptors
c) Interneurons makes up the majority of nerves in the body
