chapter 5 Flashcards
the scalp consist of 5 layers that cover the
calvaria
The first 3 layers of the scalp are collectively called the ___________ and are clinically regarded as a single layer because they remain together when cut during surgery or torn off during an accident
Scalp proper
Which layer of skin of the scalp commonly found containing hair and SUBACEOUS glands
Layer1 (skin)
Which layer of the scalp has close subcutaneous tissue (connective tissue) that is richly VASCULARIZED and well supplied with nerves
Layer 2 (close subcutaneous tissue)
Which layer of the scalp is aponeurosis is a flattened tendon?
Layer 3 (aponeurotica)
What layer of the scalp is found between the frontalis muscle anteriorly and the OCCIPITALIS muscle posteriorly and is also referred to as the EPICRANIUM?
layer 3 (aponeurotica)
Which layer of the scalp is has loose subaponeutotic tissue which allows free movement of the scalp proper?
Layer 4
-remember scalp proper is layers 1-3
Which layer of the scalp has loose connective tissue that allows free movement also contains many potential spaces with fluid and allowing pus or blood to spread easily through here?
layer 4 (loose subaponeurotic tissue)
The veins (emissary vein) connect this layer with the dural sinus and can potentially lead to spread of infection from this layer to the cranial cavity? Which layer is this?
Layer 4 (loose subaponeurotic tissue)
This layer is also known as the DANGER Layer of the scalp?
Layer 4 (loose subaponeurotic tissue)
This layer of the scalp is the deepest, and is firmly anchored to the skull?
layer 5 (pericranium)
S
C
A
L
P
Skin
Close subcutaneous tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose subaponeurotic tissue
Pericranium
What is the name of the blood vessels that connect the danger layer of the scalp to the dural sinus?
The emissary veins
Which is the danger layer?
Layer 4
The cranial bone is made up of __ layers that can be seen when looking at the skull.
3
Cranial Bone: On the external surface of the outer table is ________________________________ which is the 5th layer of the scalp
Periosteum and pericranium
Cranial Bone: The external layer is called the ________________ and is made of compact bone
outer table
Cranial Bone: The middle layer is made of __________________ bone and is called DIPLOE
Spongy bone
Cranial Bone: The internal layer is called the ____________________ and is made of compact bone
inner table
Different cranial bones vary in thickness; the occipital and frontal regions are _____________, and the temporal region is __________________
Thick
thinner
Blood supply to the scalp comes from vessels below, specifically the branches off the ?
External carotid and internal carotid
Branches off the INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES supply the?
Frontal region
Branches supplying the temporal and occipital regions come off the?
External carotid
Blood supply of the scalp: Veins accompany the arteries in the __________________________ arrangement (in which 2 veins lie on either side of the artery) and have the same names as the arteries
Venae comitantes
Innervation of the scalp anterior to the external ears is through branches of the 3 divisions CN V, trigeminal nerve:
1) V1, ophthalmic
2) V2, maxillary
3) V3, mandibular
Posterior to the ear, nerve supply to the scalp is from the?
Cervical spinal nerves
What are the 3 layers of meninges surrounding the brain?
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater
The dura mater consist of 2 layers what are these layers?
1) Endocranium (endosteum)
2) Meningeal dura
what is the INNER layer of the dura mater called?
Meningeal dura
What is the outer layer of the dura mater that fuses to the skull called?
Endocranium (also known as the endosteal dura)
What are the types of Dural folds?
1) Falx cerebri
2) tentorium cerebelli
3) Falx cerebelli
4) Diaphragma sella
This separates the superior portion of the right and left sides of cerebrum and it attaches anteriorly to the crista galli and posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli at the level of the INTERNAL OCCIPITAL protuberance. what is this?
Falx cerebri
What forms a tent over the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
This is sickle-shaped dural fold inferior to the surface of the tentorium cerebelli
-it separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
This is a small, circular, horizontal sheet of dura that forms a roof over the HYPOPHYSEAL fossa in the sella turcica
-it is pierced by the HYPOPHYSEAL STALK (infundibulum)
Diaphragma Sella
What are the two attachment points, anterior and posterior, of the flax cerebri?
The falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the crista galli and posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli at the location of the internal occipital protuberance
Both the endocranium (endosteal dura) and the meningeal dura adhere to each other except at certain locations where they separate, called?
Dural sinuses
What are spaces that contain blood and absorbed cerebrospinal fluid?
Dural sinuses
Dura blood supply comes from the?
Middle meningeal artery
What branches off the maxillary artery coming oof the external carotid and courses external to the dura mater
-the inner surface of the calvaria contains indentations vessels
middle meningeal artery
Major type of brain herniations
1) Subfalcine/cingulate
2) Transtentorial/ uncal
3) Tonsillar
When the 2 layers of dura mater separate this is called?
Sinus
What is actually a vein lined with endothelium that is not collapsible?
Sinus
The dural sinus drain blood and absorbed CSF from the brain; they all flow toward what?
INTERNAL jugular vein
What lies in the median plane on the superior portion of the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
the superior sagittal sinus connects with the diploic veins, and lateral expansions of the superior sagittal sinus called ?
lateral lacunae
What drains posteriorly into the confluence of sinuses (or CONFLUENCE)
Superior sagittal sinus
What lies in the median plane but on the inferior portion of the falx cerebri?
-it drains posteriorly into the STRAIGHT sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
What is found between the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli?
straight sinus
What receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and cerebral veins
straight sinus
what drains posteriorly into the confluence?
Straight sinus
The superior sagittal sinus directly connects with each of the following except?
a) Diploic vein
b) Lateral lacunae
c) Inferior sagittal sinus
d) Cerebral veins
C) inferior sagittal sinus
What begins at the confluence and courses LATERALLY?
Transverse sinus
What is found within the external border of the tentorium cerebelli?
Transverse sinus
What passes anteriorly toward the petrous portion of the temporal bone to the SIGMOID sinus?
Transverse sinus
What extends from the transverse sinus and courses in an S-shape along the petrous portion of the temporal bone to the jugular foramen, where it continues in the neck as the INTERNAL, jugular vein?
Sigmoid sinus
What are found LATERAL to the sella turcica on each side?
-they are named this because of there cavelike appearance
two Cavernous sinuses
What is a polygonal anastomosis between the right and left internal carotid arteries and the right and left vertebral arteries?
Circle of willis
The internal carotid artery, after entering the cranial cavity, will divide into 2 cerebral arteries what are they?
1) anterior cerebral artery
2) middle cerebral artery
Which artery courses within the LONGITUDINAL fissure of the cerebrum?
Anterior cerebral artery
Which artery courses in the LATERAL fissure of the cerebrum?
Middle cerebral artery
The vertebral artery branches off of the ________________ artery and travels upward through the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
It passes through the foramen magnum and joins the vertebral artery from the opposite side to form the ___________________
This vessel courses along a groove on the PONS and divides into the two ____________________________________
1) SUBCLAVIAN
2) Basilar artery
3) Posterior cerebral arteries
The circle of willis is formed by:
1) Basilar arteries
2) 2 posterior cerebral arteries
3) 2 posterior communicating arteries
4) 2 internal carotid arteries
5) 2 anterior cerebral arteries
6) 1 anterior communicating artery
the circle of willis is supplied by which 4 major blood vessels?
1) 2 internal carotid arteries
2) 2 vertebral arteries
The posterior cerebral arteries are terminal branches of the basilar artery. the anterior communicating artery is formed by an anastomoses of which blood vessels?
The right and left anterior cerebral arteries, which are branches off the internal carotid artery
