Chapter 7 Me Flashcards
In wake of California wildfires what was established?
FIRESCOPE
FIre RESources of California Organization for Potential Emergency
What was developed simultaneously with FIRESCOPE to meet the needs of an all-hazard fire department
FGC
Fire Ground Command
NIMS was formally known as
ICS
Provides a consistent, nationwide framework for incident management, enabling organizations who assume a role in emergency management to work together effectively and efficiently across all emergency management and incident response organizations
NIMS
What are the FEMA introductory courses
IS-100: introduction to incident command system
IS-200: ICS for single resources and initial action incidents
ICS-300: Intermediate ICS for Expanding incidents
ICS-400: Advanced ICS command and general staff-complex incidents
IS-700: National Incident Management System (NIMS introduction)
IS-800: National Response Framework, an introduction
What are NIMS 5 components
- Preparedness
- Communication and information management
- Resource management
- Command and management
- Ongoing management and maintenance
ICS includes 3 levels of command
- Strategic level
-Overall direction and goals
-Overseen by incident commander - Tactical level
-Actions necessary to achieve strategic goals
-Tactical supervisors
-Tactical assignments define by geographical area or function - Task level
-Action required to achieve tactical objectives (physical work)
Managing an incident requires the fire officer to:
- Develop strategies and tactics
- Determine required resources
- Decide how those resources will be used
Investigation mode
- Incident seems minor, first arriving company will conduct investigation
- Other units assigned will stage and remain uncommitted pending result
- The first arriving company level performs the role of initial IC as well as supervising the company performing the investigation
Fast attack mode
- When situation requires immediate action
- Officer performs initial command responsibilities via radio while engaged in attack
- Attack ends when:
-The situation is stabilized
-The situation is not stabilized and the company officer must withdraw to the exterior and establish a command post
-Command is transferred to another officer
Command mode
- Very large, complex, dangerous events require immediate command establishment
- Establish command in a safe and effective location
- Initiate tactical worksheet
- Rest of the company should
-Initial fire suppression or emergency action with one of the members assigned as the acting company officer
-Be assigned to another company officer
-Stay with IC to perform staff functions that assist command
Developed concurrently with incident management systems. Legal sanctions accelerated adoption with additional pressure from IAFF and OSHA.
Fire fighter accountability
Became known as the two-in/two-out
NFPA 1500
RIT / RIC
Systematic method of accounting for all personnel at an emergency incident
Personnel accountability report
ASTM E119 (1917) provided a time temperature curve applied to structural fire fighting practices. Old fires were? Modern fires are?
- Old fires were fuel limited fires
- Modern fires tend to be ventilation limited fires (different time temperature curve)
Movement of heat and smoke from within the higher pressure fire area towards lower pressure areas
Flow path
Offensive strategy
- Typically consists of advance into fire building
- Drives most training, operations, and organizational structure
- Benefits associated with controlling the fire outweigh risks to fire fighters
- Operations requires sufficient resources
- Risks can only be justified when realistic benefits are attainable
Defensive strategy
- Used when risks outweigh expected benefits
- Fire fighters do not enter the structure or operate from positions with risk
- Typically conducted from exterior, using large streams
- May be used when there is risk of structural collapse or inadequate resources
- Also appropriate choice when the building and contents would be a total loss even if an aggressive interior attack could control the fire
Transitional strategy
- An offensive operation initiated by brief exterior, indirect attack
- Quickly transitions to interior attack in coordination with ventilation operations
- Cools fire gases, reduces risk of flashover, improves visibility, and allows fire fighters to enter quickly
- Makes conditions tenable for trapped occupants
The mission of IAFC SHS is to?
Reduce number of preventable line of duty deaths and injuries in the fire service
SHS issues rules of engagement for fire fighter safety
(Safety health and survival)
A systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate the situation and then translating that information into a plan to deal with the situation
Size up
Instead of methodically processing new information, the brain can instinctively jump to a similar observation and apply the stored experience to the new set of circumstances
Visualization
Vigorous, churning dark smoke means?
A high heat release rate, indicating flashover conditions are present
Lloyd Layman’s five step size up process
- Facts
- Probabilities
- Situation
- Decision
- Plan of operation
Published by the NFPA in 1953
National fire academy size up process
Phase 1: pre incident information
Phase 2: initial size up
Phase 3: on going size up
Strategies are ___ and tactics are ____
Strategies are general, and tactics are specific
Goals vs objectives
Lloyd Layman developed a general guideline for the IC to systematically address the incident priorities.
RECEO VS
Rescue
Exposure
Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Salvage
S.L.I.C.E.R.S
Size up
Locate
Identify and control flow path
Cool down space
Extinguish the fire
Rescue
Salvage
First leading cause of death in firefighter is
Cardiac arrest
Second leading cause of death of fire fighter is
vehicle crashes
What are the 9 functions of command
- Determining strategies
- Selecting incident tactics
- Establishing the IAP
- Developing the ICS organization
- Managing resources
- Coordinating resource activities
- Providing for scene safety
- Releasing information about the incident
- Coordinating with outside agencies
O.V.E.I.S
Oriented
Vent
Enter
Isolate
Search
_____ is a practice built on experience and experiments
Structural firefighting
The effort to develop a standard system began?
after several large scale wild land fires in Southern California overwhelmed fire departments
_______ developed a standardized method of setting up an incident management structure, coordinating strategy and tactics, managing resources, and disseminating information
FIRESCOPE program
______ focused on small and medium sized urban emergencies, such as structural fires, and mass casualty and hazardous materials events
The fire ground command program
In the 1980s, __________ was established to merge californias FIRESCOPE and Phoenix FGC system into a set model procedure that could be utilized by any fire department
The national incident management system consortium (NIMSC)
Local emergency response agencies were required to adopt ICS to remain eligible for?
For federal disaster assistance
_____ provides introductory courses that will enhance your ability to work within the NIMS framework at any type of emergency incident
FEMA
____ an incident requires the fire officer to develop strategies and tactics, determine required resources, and decide how those resources will be used
Managing
The IC is responsible for the following aspects of operations:
- Building a command structure that matches the organization needs of the incident
- Translating the strategic priorities into tactical objectives
- Assigning the resources that are required to perform the tactical assignments
Many fire departments have the incoming companies reduce their response from emergency to non emergency when the first company reports no indication of fire. This reduces?
Reduces the risk of accidents during emergency response
The fast attack mode ends when one of the following occurs
- The situation is stabilized
- The situation is not stabilized and the company officer must withdraw to the exterior and establish a command post
- Command is transferred to another officer
______ a form that helps the IC ensure that all tactical issues are addressed and to diagram an incident with the location of resources on the diagram
Tactical worksheet
What are the 9 functions of command
- Determining strategy
- Selecting incident tactics
- Establishing the IAP
- Developing the ICS organization
- Managing resources
- Coordinating resource activities
- Proving for scene safety
- Releasing information about the incident
- Coordinating with outside agencies
_____ accelerated adoption of fire fighter accountability practices
Legal sanctions
The 2 fire fighters as RIT on the outside of the structure must be available to assist personnel working in the hazardous area as follows
- Be position outside the IDLH atmosphere
- Account for interior teams
- Remain capable of rescue of the interior team or teams
What lead to the development of a standard time temperature curve to guide the testing of building partitions and floors for fire resistance
American society for testing and materials (ASTM) full scale fire experiment
100 years ago when the standard from the temperature curve was developed, a fire within a structure was a fuel limited fire, meaning without intervention, the fire would consume all the fuel. Recent full size fire experiments, have shown that a typical modern fire is now?
A ventilation limited fire, resulting in different time temperature curve
The only way to go from a ventilation limited fire to a fuel limited fire is?
Through application of water before vertical ventilation
_______ the target by applying 30 to 90 seconds of water into the compartment dramatically reduces fire development and improved conditions
“Softening”
Legacy dwellings are classified as?
Built before 1980
Stephen Kerber identifies 4 factors that distinguish modern dwellings from legacy dwellings
- Larger homes
- Open house geometries
- Increased fuel loads
- New construction material
An assessment of the risk to rescuers versus the benefits that can be derived from other intended actions
Risk/benefit analysis
______ activity drives most fire department training, operations and organizational structures
Operational
The ________ “softens the target” or cools the fire gases, reduces the risk of flashover, improves visibility, and allows firefighters to quickly enter the fire compartment
The transitional attack
The safety health and survival (SHS) issued “The incident commander rules of engagement for firefighter safety” the 14 of them are
- Rapidly conduct, or obtain, a 360 degree situational size up of incident
- Determine occupants survival profile
- Conduct an initial risk assessment and implement safe action plan
- If you do not have the resources to safely support and protect firefighters consider defensive strategy
- Do not risk firefighter lives for lives or properties that cannot be saved
- Extend limited risk to protect savable property
- Extend vigilant and measured risk to protect and rescue savable lives
- Act upon reported unsafe practices and conditions that can harm firefighters. Stop, evaluate and decide
- Maintain frequent 2 way communications, and keep interior crews informed of changing conditions
- Obtain frequent progress reports and revise the action plan
- Ensure accurate accountability of every firefighters location and status
- Consider defensive if after completing primary search little to no progress towards fire control has been made
- Always have RIT in place
- Always have firefighter rehab in place
The end result of a good size up is?
An IAP that considers all the pertinent information, defines strategies and tactics, and assigns resources to complete those tactics
The _____ must differentiate among what is known, what is assumed, and what is anticipated in processing size up information
incident commander
IC
____ is one of the most significant factors in size up
Visualization
The _____ and ____ of the smoke aid the officer in determining ventilation timing
Volume and color
Fires in the incipient stage may be extinguished with?
A portable fire extinguisher
A fire in class A combustibles normally dictates a direct attack with?
Water
Fire involving class B combustibles require the use of ____
Foams
In the Layman size up process what are the 3 consideration in situation assessment?
- Sufficient resources
- Specific capabilities and limitations of the responding resources
- Capabilities and limitations of the personnel, based on training and experience
After size up, the IC develops?
An incident action plan (IAP) based on incident priorities
A written incident action plan is required for?
Large or complex incidents that have an extended durations
There are 2 major components to the IAP
- The determination of the appropriate strategy to mitigate an incident
- The development of tactics to execute the strategy
_____ are used to provide a consistent structure to the process of establishing strategies, tactics, and tasks
SOP
Standard operating procedures
_____ guide the decision making process and ensure consistency between officers and events
SOP
Standard operating procedures
There are 3 basic priorities for an IAP
- Life safety
- Incident stabilization
- Property conservation
_______ evaluations should include openings acting as intakes and discharges as well as smoke indicators or color, volume, and velocity
Flow path
O-V.E.I.S
Orient
Vent
Enter
Isolate
Search
A high risk search technique using a team of 2 to access a room from an outside window, close the door to the hallway and conduct a primary search
O-V.E.I.S
The leading cause of fire ground injuries was?
Overexertion or strain
Many emergency operations are conducted in the streets exposing firefighters to traffic hazards. To comply with American National Standards Institute (ANSI), firefighters need to?
Wear high visibility safety vest or jackets
According to the book, what is RIC, IRIC and RIT
RIC: a dedicated crew of firefighters who are assigned for rapid deployment to rescue lost or trapped members; consist of 4 members and can be known at RIT
IRIC: (initial): 2 members from the initial attack crew
______ is an acronym developed for the IC for accomplishing tactical priorities on the fire ground.
______ is an acronym developed for first arriving officers operating in the fire attack mode.
RECEO VS
S.L.I.C.E. - R.S.
