chapter 6 part 1

Question 1

what is the one variation of every amino acid?

Answer 1

the side chain

Question 2

what is an essential amino acid?

Answer 2

it has to be consumed

Question 3

what is a conditionally essential acid?

Answer 3

it is essential under certain cirumstances

Question 4

what protein synthesis error is sickle cells anemia?

Answer 4

hemoglobin had valene in the place where glutamic acid should be

Question 5

why would you be fatigued if you had sickle cell anemia?

Answer 5

your red blood cells can’t carry enough oxygen, and the shape of the red blood cells gets stuck in the capillaries

Question 6

what happens with PKU?

Answer 6

phenylalaine is not able to be made into tyrosine

Question 7

why are you at risk for brain damage and low IQ if you have PKU?

Answer 7

since excess phenylalaine in toxic

Question 8

what is denaturing a protein?

Answer 8

unfolding it

Question 9

what can denature a protein?

Answer 9

heat and acid

Question 10

what chemical in the stomach denatures the protein you eat?

Answer 10

HCL

Question 11

how does denaturing the protein help prepare it for digestion?

Answer 11

it creates more surface area

Question 12

what does HCL do in the stomach?

Answer 12

`it activates pepsin and denatures protein

Question 13

what enzyme in the stomach and small intestine digests protein?

Answer 13

stomach: pepsin
small intestine: proteiases

Question 14

where are amino acids absorbed into?

Answer 14

the blood

Question 15

when your body needs amino acids, where does it get them?

Answer 15

1. diet
2. breakdown of body proteins (normal turnover)
3. stored as fat

Question 16

what is wasting an amino acid?

Answer 16

breaking proteins apart into amino acid

Question 17

what is digesting a protein?

Answer 17

breaking amine (nitrogen group) from an amino acid

Question 18

why are amino acids wasted?

Answer 18

so amino acids can be used for something else

Question 19

if the amine (nitrogen) group is broken off, what can an amino acid be used for?

Answer 19

• burned for energy
• stored as fat

Question 20

when carbs/calories are inadequate, amino acids are changed to what and burned for energy?

Answer 20

glucose

Question 21

when amino acids are wasted, what happens to the amine group?

Answer 21

• circulates in the blood as ammonia (NH3)
  -liver changes it to urea
• filtered out by the kidneys (stressed the kidneys if done in excess)

Question 21

when proteins/calories are inadequate, amino acids are changed to what and stored as fat?

Question 21

why does too much protein stress the kidneys?

Answer 21

since it’s filtering our the urea

Question 22

in what type of situation would too much protein cause toxic ammonia to build up in the blood?

Answer 22

if the liver is compromised

Question 23

what does the body use protein for?

Answer 23

-enzymes
-cartilage
-bones
-structural support
-hormones
-immunity
-appetite control
-energy
-fluid balance
-connective tissue
-collagen

Question 24

how does albumin in the blood regulate fluids?

Answer 24

it creates osmotic pressure to help hold fluid in the blood vessels

Question 25

what happens when albumin is inadequate in the blood?

Answer 25

fluid seeps into tissues causing edema

Question 26

what is edema?

Answer 26

wet tissues holding too much water

Question 27

what is an example of positive nitrogen balance?

Answer 27

pregnant woman

Question 28

what is an example of negative nitrogen balance?

Answer 28

people who have medical trauma ( burns )