Chapter 6 (page 28)

Question 1

______________ - The secretion of gastric juice, which helps to break down the bolus in the stomach, is regulated by both _______ and ________ factors.

Answer 1

Food Breakdown
neural
hormonal

Question 2

What stimulates the PSNS reflexes to increase secretion of gastric juice.

Answer 2

Sight, smell and taste of food

Question 3

Also presence of food and decrease pH

in the stomach stimulates stomach to secrete the hormone _________.

Answer 3

gastrin

Question 4

What is the function of gastrin?

Answer 4

It stimulates the stomach to produce

protein-digesting enzymes.

Question 5

Activity in the stomach
____________ - Once food is mixed it becomes chyme, the chyme moves to the lower ½ of the stomach and is forced through the pyloric sphincter.

Answer 5

Food Propulsion

Question 6

Only ______ and _________ particles can pass

through this sphincter.

Answer 6

lipids

small food

Question 7

Only about _________ of chyme can enter the SI at one time.

Answer 7

3ml or less

Question 8

What will happen if once the duodenum is filled with chyme?

Answer 8

the nervous reflex (enterogastric) reflex stops gastric activity by inhibiting the vagus nerve and tightening the pyloric sphincter.

Question 9

How many hours does It takes for the stomach to get empty?

Answer 9

It takes about four hours (up to six hours if there is a lot of fat content).

Question 10

What is the emetic center in the medulla of the brain?

Answer 10

The area postrema is a medullary structure in the brain that controls vomiting.

Question 11

Activity of the small intestine
___________ and __________ - When the chyme reaches the SI carbohydrate and protein digestion have started (no fats have been digested yet)

Answer 11

Food breakdown

Absorption

Question 12

It takes approximately _________ for food to

be digested and absorbed in the SI.

Answer 12

3 - 6 hours

Question 13

Bile does not contain enzymes, bile salts help with actual digestion of fats by emulsifying fats. True or False?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Example of enzymes that help in digestion of chyme in the SI.

Answer 14

Brush border enzymes and pancreatic juice

Question 15

Activity of the small intestine
______________- Food is propelled through the intestine by peristalsis towards the LI. What reaches the large intestine is a liquid residue that contains very few nutrients.

Answer 15

Food Propulsion

Question 16

Residue reaches the LI it will spend ___________ in the

colon.

Answer 16

12 to 24 hours

Question 17

Does digestion takes place in the large intestine?

Answer 17

No digestion takes place in the LI. However bacteria do live in the LI and will metabolize the remaining nutrients, which releases gases. There bacteria also make Vit. K and some B Vits.
Absorption of these Vits, some ions and water are the only things absorbed in the LI. What remains, is feces

Question 18

Feces is composed of:

Answer 18

undigested food residues, mucus, bacteria and some water.

Question 19

Propulsion of residue and _________ - Peristalsis and ____________ occur in the LI.

Answer 19

Defecation

mass movements

Question 20

____________are powerful contractile waves that move over large areas of the colon 3 - 4x daily. It force the contents towards the rectum. This occurs during or just after eating.

Answer 20

Mass movements

Question 21

_____________ is sluggish in the LI and contributes little to propulsion in the LI.

Answer 21

Colon peristalsis

Question 22

What causes diarrhea or constipation?

Answer 22

Environmental Factors
Stress
Parasites
Toxins