Chapter 6 Functions of Bone and Skeletal system

Question 1

What are bones?

Answer 1

Organ made up of several different tissues

Question 2

What do you call the entire framework of bones and their?

Answer 2

Skeletal system

Question 3

What does the skeletal system do?

Answer 3

1. Provides support
2. Protects the internal organs
3. Assists body movements
4. Mineral homeostasis
5. Participates in blood cell production
6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells

Question 4

All bones can be classified into what five shapes?

Answer 4

1. Long
2. Short
3. Sesamoid
4. Flat
5. Irregular

Question 5

What is a long bone consist of?

Answer 5

1. Diaphysis (bone shaft)
2. Two epiphyses (ends of the bone for joints)
3. Medullary Cavity (hollow space within diaphysis)
4. Endosteum (membrane lining the medullary cavity)
5. Periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
6. Articular cartilage covering both epiphyses

Question 6

Bone contains an abundant of _____that surrounds widely separated cells?

Answer 6

Extracellular matrix

Question 7

The extracellular matrix of the bone consist of what?

Answer 7

1. 15% water
2. 30% collagen
3. 55% crystalized mineral salts, calcium and phosphorus

Question 8

Bones contain 4 types of cells, what are three of them?

Answer 8

1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts

Question 9

What is a compact bone?

Answer 9

Bones that are good at providing protection and support; strongest

Question 10

What is a spongy bone?

Answer 10

Lightweight and provides tissue support; also called trabecular or cancellous bones

Question 11

What are periosteal arteries?

Answer 11

Enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals. They are accompanied by periosteal veins

Question 12

Where does the nutrient artery enter?

Answer 12

center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient vein exit via the same canal

Question 13

Do the metaphysis and epiphyses have their own arteries and veins?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What is ossification?

Answer 14

The process of bone formation

Question 15

What four situations do bones form from?

Answer 15

1. during embryological and fetal development
2. When bones before adulthood
3. When bones remodel
4. When fractures heal

Question 16

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

Answer 16

In flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

Question 17

When does endochondral ossification occur?

Answer 17

1. When cartilage is replaced with bone in the developing embryo and fetus.
2. epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

Question 18

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 18

Bones thicken thanks to the cooperative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 19

What is the relationship between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

Answer 19

Osteoblasts deposit bone on the outers surface and osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within

Question 20

What are three factors that affect bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 20

1. minerals
2. vitamins
3. hormones

Question 21

What are different types of fractures?

Answer 21

1. Complete
2. Incomplete
3. Open/ compound
4. Closed/ simple
5. Transverse
6. Comminuted
7. Oblique

Question 22

The healing process for fractures consists of three different phases in four steps. What are they?

Answer 22

1. The reactive phase
2. The reparative phase (this has the fibrocartilaginous callus and the bony callus stage)
3. The bond remodeling phase

Question 23

What is the reactive phase?

Answer 23

The first phase of fracture repair and it is the early inflammatory phase

Question 24

What is the reparative phase?

Answer 24

Second stage which includes the formation of fibrocartilaginous callus then the formation of bony callus second

Question 25

What are two factors that affect bone growth

Answer 25

1. Exercise
2. Aging